{ "schema": "degrees-of-satoshi-answers-v1", "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "reading_guide": { "introduction": "Start with the question you want to answer. Each page gives a direct answer, its supporting records, steps to reproduce the result and the limits of the claim. Numerical results come from the stated data release; the explanations identify how to read them.", "heading": "Three distinctions to keep beside the numbers", "terms": [ [ "Address record and person", "A graph result describes records and eligible transaction paths. It does not establish a person’s identity, an account balance or endorsement by Satoshi." ], [ "At a degree and within a degree", "“At” counts one degree. “Within” adds every degree from 0 through the selected threshold. Check whether a percentage uses scored records or all records." ], [ "Release scope and live activity", "These pages describe the published release and its block-height limit. They do not automatically include later transactions or changes to the curated catalogue." ] ], "method": "The calculations read the checked-in methodology, serving histogram, curated catalogue and researched histories. The explanations are AI-assisted editorial content with separate automated source verification; no named human or external expert review is implied. A content correction can change an explanation without changing the underlying dataset." }, "authorship": { "publisher": "Degrees of Satoshi editorial project", "process": "AI-assisted editorial revision with separate automated source verification; no named human or external expert review is implied." }, "data_release": { "methodology": "1.0.0-draft.2", "max_block_height": 960000, "build_date": "2026-08-08" }, "answers": [ { "slug": "is-this-bitcoin-address-satoshis", "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "question": "Is this Bitcoin address Satoshi’s?", "answer": "An address’s transaction history does not establish that Satoshi controlled it. This release identifies 28,583 early-mining addresses in its working anchor set (degree 0) and measures eligible directed transaction paths from that set. Neither membership nor a short path is proof of identity.", "description": "A Bitcoin address or short transaction path cannot establish Satoshi’s identity. Learn what degree 0 and the early-mining anchor set actually mean.", "reading_guide": { "heading": "Separate a graph result from an identity claim", "paragraphs": [ "Read degree 0 as membership in the selected anchor set. Read a positive degree as a shortest eligible directed path under the published rules. Neither result identifies the person who created an address or controls its spending keys.", "For a named address, inspect the dossier’s attribution and caveats separately from its degree. An on-chain connection and an off-chain attribution are different evidence questions." ], "checks": [ "Read the methodology’s anchor-set definition and hash.", "Open the relevant dossier and inspect its attribution evidence.", "State the degree and the identity caveat together when citing a result." ], "boundary": "The anchor set is a research construction. Inclusion does not prove that Satoshi controlled an address; exclusion does not prove that Satoshi did not. The result also does not identify an owner today." }, "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/is-this-bitcoin-address-satoshis/", "markdown": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/is-this-bitcoin-address-satoshis/index.md", "evidence": [ { "text": "The anchor set is defined by mining pattern, not by attribution: “The early-mining anchor set. An address record's degree is the fewest eligible directed transaction-graph hops to any member of this set.”", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "text": "Its size is frozen and hashed: SHA-256 of the frozen anchors_full.txt bytes (28,583 newline-delimited normalized addresses).", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "text": "The Patoshi dossier’s own boundary: This is a pattern, not an identity. Lerner's own framing is that the pattern shows a single dominant early miner; equating that entity with Satoshi Nakamoto is an inference, not a proven fact, and the exact block-membership counts differ between Lerner's 2013, 2019 and 2020 posts and between later independent replications. No canonical, authoritative list of Patoshi coinbase addresses has been published by Lerner — each block paid to a freshly generated key, so the set is thousands of addresses wide and is reconstructed by re-deriving it from the nonce/ExtraNonce criteria rather than by consulting a published list. The two addresses above are ordinary coinbase outputs of blocks 1 and 9 that fall in the early-mining window and are widely cited as representative; their inclusion in any specific published Patoshi block set was NOT verified against a primary Patoshi block list this session, so treat them as illustrative early-2009 coinbase addresses rather than as certified members of the set. Block 1's coinbase address has received additional third-party tribute payments beyond its 50 BTC reward.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/patoshi-pattern-early-mining-set-2009-2010/" }, { "text": "The genesis dossier’s own boundary: The genesis coinbase output is a protocol-level fact, not an attribution to a named person. Ownership of the private key behind the address has never been demonstrated by anyone. Amounts sent to the address after 2009 are unrelated tribute payments from third parties and say nothing about who controls the key. Do not treat this entity as a confirmed Satoshi identity claim.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/genesis-block-coinbase-block-0/" }, { "text": "The methodology’s copy rule forbids any claim of literal coin descent and displaying balances anywhere; the permitted framing is “traced to / connected”.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" } ], "table": null, "related": [ { "label": "How the anchor set is built", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "label": "Patoshi pattern dossier", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/patoshi-pattern-early-mining-set-2009-2010/" }, { "label": "Genesis block coinbase dossier", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/genesis-block-coinbase-block-0/" }, { "label": "What is known about Satoshi", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto/" }, { "label": "How the Patoshi inference works", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/patoshi-pattern/" } ] }, { "slug": "which-exchange-address-is-closest-to-satoshi", "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "question": "Which exchange address is closest to Satoshi’s mining era?", "answer": "Among the exchange addresses in the curated catalog, Kraken and QuadrigaCX (defunct) are the closest at 3 degrees; OKX (formerly OKEx) is at 4. These are the documented addresses only: an exchange controls many addresses, and the catalog scores one published record per dossier.", "description": "Compare documented exchange-address records by transaction-graph distance, with the catalogue scope and ties made explicit. This is not an exchange ranking.", "reading_guide": { "heading": "The comparison unit is a documented record", "paragraphs": [ "The table compares the exchange records included in this catalogue. It does not search every address an exchange has ever used, combine an exchange’s entire customer base, or measure the quality of the exchange.", "A tie means the included records have the same hop count. Follow the dossier links to see which addresses and evidence each record covers before extending the comparison to a business or a person." ], "checks": [ "Check the addresses and dates documented in each dossier.", "Compare equal degrees as ties rather than inventing a unique winner.", "Describe the result as “among the catalogued exchange records.”" ], "boundary": "Catalogue coverage is selective. A lower degree is not evidence of solvency, safety, endorsement by Satoshi, or a personal relationship. Adding a documented record can change the table without changing the degree definition." }, "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/which-exchange-address-is-closest-to-satoshi/", "markdown": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/which-exchange-address-is-closest-to-satoshi/index.md", "evidence": [ { "text": "Kraken: 3 degrees (2011-2026); documented address 1AnwDVbwsLBVwRfqN2x9Eo4YEJSPXo2cwG.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/kraken/" }, { "text": "QuadrigaCX (defunct): 3 degrees (2013-2019); documented address 1HyYMMCdCcHnfjwMW2jE4cv9qVkVDFUzVa.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/quadrigacx-defunct/" }, { "text": "OKX (formerly OKEx): 4 degrees (2017-2026); documented address 16rF2zwSJ9goQ9fZfYoti5LsUqqegb5RnA.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/okx-formerly-okex/" } ], "table": { "columns": [ "Exchange record", "Degree", "Era", "Dossier" ], "rows": [ [ "Kraken", "3", "2011-2026", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/kraken/" ], [ "QuadrigaCX (defunct)", "3", "2013-2019", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/quadrigacx-defunct/" ], [ "OKX (formerly OKEx)", "4", "2017-2026", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/okx-formerly-okex/" ] ] }, "related": [ { "label": "Kraken dossier", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/kraken/" }, { "label": "QuadrigaCX (defunct) dossier", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/quadrigacx-defunct/" }, { "label": "OKX (formerly OKEx) dossier", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/okx-formerly-okex/" }, { "label": "What a Bitcoin address represents", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-address-types/" }, { "label": "How to inspect a transaction record", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/how-to-read-a-block-explorer/" } ] }, { "slug": "can-the-genesis-block-coins-be-spent", "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "question": "Can the genesis block’s 50 BTC be spent?", "answer": "No, under the current rules. The genesis block’s original coinbase output was not entered into Bitcoin’s spendable-output set. Later payments to the associated address create separate outputs whose spending conditions, including any required signature, must still be satisfied.", "description": "The original genesis coinbase output cannot be spent under Bitcoin’s current rules. Later payments to the associated address are separate outputs.", "reading_guide": { "heading": "One special output, not a universal address ban", "paragraphs": [ "The relevant object is the original coinbase output in block 0. The code’s special handling keeps that output out of the spendable-output database. An address total shown by an explorer can include other outputs and does not undo that rule.", "Later payments create their own outputs. Spending them requires satisfying their locking conditions, including any required signature. This explains their different treatment without claiming that a person has demonstrated possession of the key." ], "checks": [ "Inspect the cited code comment and genesis transaction context.", "Distinguish the block-0 output from later transaction outputs.", "Keep “under the current rules” when describing the restriction." ], "boundary": "“Unspendable” here describes the original genesis output under the cited rules. It is not a claim that every later output sent to the associated address is unspendable, or that anyone has proved current control of its key." }, "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/can-the-genesis-block-coins-be-spent/", "markdown": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/can-the-genesis-block-coins-be-spent/index.md", "evidence": [ { "text": "Bitcoin Core's genesis-block constructor carries the comment: \"Build the genesis block. Note that the output of its generation transaction cannot be spent since it did not originally exist in the database.\"", "source": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/master/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp" }, { "text": "gettxoutsetinfo reports an \"unspendables\" object whose genesis_block field is documented as \"The unspendable amount of the Genesis block subsidy\".", "source": "https://bitcoincore.org/en/doc/24.0.0/rpc/blockchain/gettxoutsetinfo/" }, { "text": "2009-01-03: Block 0 timestamped 18:15:05 UTC; 285 bytes, difficulty 1, nonce 2083236893, one transaction.", "source": "https://mempool.space/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f" }, { "text": "2009-01-09: Block 1 timestamped 02:54:25 UTC — 463,160 seconds after block 0.", "source": "https://mempool.space/api/block/00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048" } ], "table": null, "related": [ { "label": "Genesis block coinbase dossier", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/genesis-block-coinbase-block-0/" }, { "label": "Computed result for the genesis address", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/degree/1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa/" }, { "label": "The genesis block and its later donations", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/genesis-block-explained/" }, { "label": "Why Bitcoin tracks outputs", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-a-utxo/" } ] }, { "slug": "how-many-bitcoin-addresses-are-within-a-few-degrees-of-satoshi", "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "question": "How many Bitcoin addresses are within a few degrees of Satoshi’s mining era?", "answer": "46,510 addresses are within two degrees of the anchor set (28,583 at degree 0, 1,205 at degree 1 and 16,722 at degree 2), 1,212,738 are within three, and 459,542,622 — 33.7% of the 1,364,936,252 scored addresses — are within six, all measured through block 960,000.", "description": "Read counts within two, three or six degrees from the early-mining anchor set. See cumulative totals, scored-address denominators and release scope.", "reading_guide": { "heading": "“At” and “within” describe different counts", "paragraphs": [ "“At degree 2” counts only records assigned degree 2. “Within degree 2” adds the records at degrees 0, 1 and 2. A cumulative total is therefore not interchangeable with a single row’s count.", "The percentage column uses scored addresses as its denominator. Records without an assigned degree are outside that denominator. Retain the denominator and the block-height limit when quoting a percentage from this table." ], "checks": [ "Choose whether the question is “at N” or “within N.”", "Add the degree rows from 0 through N to reproduce a cumulative count.", "Quote the scored-address denominator and the release’s block-height limit." ], "boundary": "These are address-record counts in a defined graph release, not counts of people, wallets, payments or coins. A graph path does not establish a personal connection or ownership of Satoshi-era coins." }, "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/how-many-bitcoin-addresses-are-within-a-few-degrees-of-satoshi/", "markdown": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/how-many-bitcoin-addresses-are-within-a-few-degrees-of-satoshi/index.md", "evidence": [ { "text": "Tier boundaries in the serving release: tier 1 = degrees <=2 (46,510 addresses); tier 2 = degrees 3 (1,166,228 addresses); tier 3 = degrees 4 (33,783,666 addresses); tier 4 = degrees 5 (161,841,436 addresses); tier 5 = degrees 6 (262,704,782 addresses); tier 6 = degrees 7-8 (354,552,132 addresses); tier 7 = degrees 9+ (550,841,498 addresses).", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "text": "Percentile basis: share of SCORED address records (those with an eligible path under the selected rules), not of all address records.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "text": "Counts come from the post-Patoshi serving histogram (t50k), the same table the lookup service uses for tiers.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/research/bitcoin-address-graph/" } ], "table": { "columns": [ "Degree", "Addresses at this degree", "Within this degree", "Share of scored addresses" ], "rows": [ [ "0", "28,583", "28,583", "0.0021%" ], [ "1", "1,205", "29,788", "0.0022%" ], [ "2", "16,722", "46,510", "0.0034%" ], [ "3", "1,166,228", "1,212,738", "0.0888%" ], [ "4", "33,783,666", "34,996,404", "2.5640%" ], [ "5", "161,841,436", "196,837,840", "14.4210%" ], [ "6", "262,704,782", "459,542,622", "33.6677%" ], [ "7", "213,696,746", "673,239,368", "49.3239%" ], [ "8", "140,855,386", "814,094,754", "59.6434%" ], [ "9", "97,475,188", "911,569,942", "66.7848%" ], [ "10", "69,746,292", "981,316,234", "71.8947%" ], [ "11", "51,834,127", "1,033,150,361", "75.6922%" ], [ "12", "39,751,426", "1,072,901,787", "78.6045%" ] ] }, "related": [ { "label": "Methodology: tiers and percentiles", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "label": "Address-graph census (full distributions)", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/research/bitcoin-address-graph/" }, { "label": "What the ledger records", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-a-blockchain/" }, { "label": "Why addresses are not identities", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/is-bitcoin-anonymous/" } ] }, { "slug": "what-is-a-typical-degree-from-satoshi", "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "question": "How far is a typical Bitcoin address from Satoshi’s mining era?", "answer": "The most common degree is 6 (262,704,782 scored addresses, 19.2%), and half of all scored addresses are within 8 degrees; the tail is long, reaching 25,349 at the deepest, which is why the site displays anything past 100 as “100+”.", "description": "Compare the most common degree with the median among scored Bitcoin address records. Understand the denominator and the display cap.", "reading_guide": { "heading": "There is more than one meaning of “typical”", "paragraphs": [ "The mode is the degree with the largest count. The median is the first degree at which the cumulative count reaches half of scored records. Neither is the arithmetic mean, and neither describes a typical person.", "The “100+” display label compresses the long tail for presentation. It does not say that every such address has exactly 100 hops or that the underlying histogram stops there." ], "checks": [ "Find the largest row count to reproduce the mode.", "Accumulate counts to half the scored total to reproduce the median.", "Distinguish an underlying degree from a capped display label." ], "boundary": "The population is the release’s scored address records. Unscored records do not receive an invented distance, and the distribution should not be described as a distribution of users or balances." }, "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/what-is-a-typical-degree-from-satoshi/", "markdown": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/what-is-a-typical-degree-from-satoshi/index.md", "evidence": [ { "text": "Degree 6 is the modal scored-address degree in the serving histogram.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "text": "Cumulative share reaches 50% at degree 8 (59.64% of scored addresses are at or within it).", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/research/bitcoin-address-graph/" }, { "text": "2.10128% of scored address records sit beyond degree 100; the post-Patoshi maximum degree is 25,349. The maximum-degree path has not yet been inspected, so the tail is reported without a behavioral interpretation.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" } ], "table": null, "related": [ { "label": "How many addresses are within N degrees", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/how-many-bitcoin-addresses-are-within-a-few-degrees-of-satoshi/" }, { "label": "Methodology", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "label": "Address records and identity", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/is-bitcoin-anonymous/" }, { "label": "Read the record behind an address", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/how-to-read-a-block-explorer/" } ] }, { "slug": "how-long-between-the-genesis-block-and-block-1", "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "question": "How long was the gap between Bitcoin’s genesis block and block 1?", "answer": "5 days, 8 hours, 39 minutes and 20 seconds: block 0 is timestamped 1231006505 and block 1 is timestamped 1231469665, an interval of 463,160 seconds, so the “six days” figure that is widely repeated overstates what the two block headers record.", "description": "Reproduce the gap between Bitcoin’s block-0 and block-1 header timestamps. Distinguish the recorded interval from a claim about mining time.", "reading_guide": { "heading": "The calculation compares two recorded fields", "paragraphs": [ "Subtract the block-0 timestamp from the block-1 timestamp, then divide the difference into days, hours, minutes and seconds. The evidence links identify the two block records used in the subtraction.", "That gives the interval between recorded header timestamps. It does not reveal when every hash attempt began, how long a miner worked continuously, or why the blocks were produced at those times." ], "checks": [ "Read the timestamp field in each cited block record.", "Subtract block 0’s value from block 1’s value in seconds.", "Describe the result as a header-timestamp interval." ], "boundary": "The answer is about the values recorded in two block headers. It should not be presented as a stopwatch measurement of mining effort or proof of Satoshi’s intentions." }, "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/how-long-between-the-genesis-block-and-block-1/", "markdown": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/how-long-between-the-genesis-block-and-block-1/index.md", "evidence": [ { "text": "Block 0 header timestamp 1231006505; block 1 header timestamp 1231469665.", "source": "https://mempool.space/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f" }, { "text": "Block 1 header, as served by a public block explorer API.", "source": "https://mempool.space/api/block/00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048" }, { "text": "The researched genesis dossier sets out the timestamps, the arithmetic and the source of the overstated figure.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/genesis-block-coinbase-block-0/" } ], "table": null, "related": [ { "label": "Genesis block coinbase dossier", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/genesis-block-coinbase-block-0/" }, { "label": "What sources get wrong", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/what-sources-get-wrong/" }, { "label": "The genesis record", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/genesis-block-explained/" }, { "label": "What a block header contains", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/anatomy-of-a-bitcoin-block/" } ] }, { "slug": "how-many-bitcoin-addresses-have-no-route-to-satoshi", "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "question": "How many Bitcoin address records have no eligible route in this release?", "answer": "165,871,862 address records — 10.84% of all records in the release — have on-chain history but no eligible directed path to the anchor set under this release’s traversal and terminal rules, so they have no assigned degree. This is a graph-reachability result, not proof of literal coin ancestry, ownership, or the absence of every possible transaction connection.", "description": "“No lineage” means no eligible directed path under this graph release’s rules. It does not mean a fresh address, lost coins or no possible connection.", "reading_guide": { "heading": "No eligible route is different from no history", "paragraphs": [ "This category contains records with on-chain history but no path that qualifies under the release’s traversal and terminal rules. A never-used receive address raises a different question: whether the dataset has on-chain history for it at all.", "Do not assign an infinite degree or fold these records into degree 0. They have no assigned score in this release. The percentage in the answer is measured against all records, whereas a percentile among scored addresses uses a smaller population." ], "checks": [ "Check the traversal and terminal rules in the methodology.", "Distinguish “no on-chain history” from “no eligible route.”", "Keep the all-records denominator when citing this percentage." ], "boundary": "The result is specific to direction, anchor selection, terminal rules and dataset scope. It is not evidence that coins are lost, that an address is anonymous, or that no transaction connection could be drawn under a different graph definition." }, "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/how-many-bitcoin-addresses-have-no-route-to-satoshi/", "markdown": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/how-many-bitcoin-addresses-have-no-route-to-satoshi/index.md", "evidence": [ { "text": "Directional rule: coin flow only: addr --(spends, address is a tx input)--> tx --(pays, address is a tx output)--> addr.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "text": "Why direction matters: The undirected version failed the 0.3 gate: treating two addresses as adjacent merely for appearing in the same transaction allowed paths to run backwards through recipients' unrelated transaction history, putting 55% of all address records at a single degree. Directional traversal follows observed input-to-output transaction flow rather than co-appearance.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "text": "Genesis note: Under this rule the unspent genesis coinbase seeds no outgoing directed path. It remains in the anchor set for provenance but does not add reachable records.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "text": "Distinct from the product's 'no on-chain history yet' state. These records had no eligible directed path under the selected terminal rules. This is not an unconditional disconnection claim and must not read as a failure or error.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" } ], "table": null, "related": [ { "label": "Methodology: the directional rule", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/methodology" }, { "label": "Address-graph census", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/research/bitcoin-address-graph/" }, { "label": "Wallets and receive addresses", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-wallets-explained/" }, { "label": "Limits of address-based inference", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/is-bitcoin-anonymous/" } ] }, { "slug": "which-known-bitcoin-addresses-are-closest-to-satoshi", "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "question": "Which known Bitcoin addresses are closest to Satoshi’s mining era?", "answer": "Of the 25 documented records in the curated catalog, 2 sit inside the anchor set at degree 0 (Genesis Block Coinbase (Block 0); Patoshi-Pattern Early Mining Set (2009-2010)), 3 are one hop away (Hal Finney — Recipient of the First Bitcoin Transaction (Block 170); The Bitcoin Faucet (2010) — Published Donation Address; Dormant Bitcoin Addresses: Nine On-Chain Records), and 2 are two hops away (SatoshiDice betting addresses (1dice…); WikiLeaks published donation address (2011)).", "description": "Compare the nearest documented records in the curated Bitcoin catalogue. Understand ties, record coverage and the difference between proximity and attribution.", "reading_guide": { "heading": "A curated catalogue is not the entire Bitcoin network", "paragraphs": [ "The table includes documented catalogue records and sorts their displayed degrees. Some dossiers describe an individual address; others describe a named set or historical record. Read the dossier scope before treating every row as one person or one wallet.", "Degree 0 identifies the working origin set and positive degrees count eligible graph steps. These labels help compare the included records, but do not establish that a named entity knew Satoshi or received coins directly from that person." ], "checks": [ "Check what each dossier’s record includes.", "Keep tied degrees tied and preserve the catalogue qualifier.", "Follow attribution sources separately from transaction-path evidence." ], "boundary": "The list is limited to documented catalogue entries. It does not claim to enumerate all close addresses, establish their owners, or rank investment value. Community submissions use a separate publication flow." }, "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/which-known-bitcoin-addresses-are-closest-to-satoshi/", "markdown": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/answers/which-known-bitcoin-addresses-are-closest-to-satoshi/index.md", "evidence": [ { "text": "Genesis Block Coinbase (Block 0): degree 0.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/genesis-block-coinbase-block-0/" }, { "text": "Patoshi-Pattern Early Mining Set (2009-2010): degree 0.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/patoshi-pattern-early-mining-set-2009-2010/" }, { "text": "Hal Finney — Recipient of the First Bitcoin Transaction (Block 170): degree 1.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/hal-finney-first-bitcoin-transaction/" }, { "text": "The Bitcoin Faucet (2010) — Published Donation Address: degree 1.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/the-bitcoin-faucet-2010-published-donation-address/" }, { "text": "Dormant Bitcoin Addresses: Nine On-Chain Records: degree 1.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/dormant-bitcoin-addresses/" }, { "text": "SatoshiDice betting addresses (1dice…): degree 2.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/satoshidice-betting-addresses-1dice/" }, { "text": "WikiLeaks published donation address (2011): degree 2.", "source": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/wikileaks-published-donation-address-2011/" } ], "table": { "columns": [ "Record", "Degree", "Era", "Dossier" ], "rows": [ [ "Genesis Block Coinbase (Block 0)", "0", "2009", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/genesis-block-coinbase-block-0/" ], [ "Patoshi-Pattern Early Mining Set (2009-2010)", "0", "2009-2010", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/patoshi-pattern-early-mining-set-2009-2010/" ], [ "Hal Finney — Recipient of the First Bitcoin Transaction (Block 170)", "1", "2009", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/hal-finney-first-bitcoin-transaction/" ], [ "The Bitcoin Faucet (2010) — Published Donation Address", "1", "2010", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/the-bitcoin-faucet-2010-published-donation-address/" ], [ "Dormant Bitcoin Addresses: Nine On-Chain Records", "1", "2009–2014 (first received)", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/dormant-bitcoin-addresses/" ], [ "SatoshiDice betting addresses (1dice…)", "2", "2012-2013", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/satoshidice-betting-addresses-1dice/" ], [ "WikiLeaks published donation address (2011)", "2", "2011–present (published 14 June 2011)", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/wikileaks-published-donation-address-2011/" ], [ "El Salvador — National Bitcoin Office (ONBTC) Reserve", "3", "2021–present", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/el-salvador-national-bitcoin-office-onbtc-reserve/" ], [ "Kraken", "3", "2011-2026", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/kraken/" ], [ "QuadrigaCX (defunct)", "3", "2013-2019", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/quadrigacx-defunct/" ], [ "QuadrigaCX cold wallet addresses", "3", "2018-2019", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/quadrigacx-cold-wallet-addresses/" ], [ "All-zeros hash burn address", "4", "2010s–present (first-seen date not verified)", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/all-zeros-hash-burn-address/" ], [ "Counterparty XCP proof-of-burn address", "4", "2014 (burn window 2 January – 3 February 2014)", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/counterparty-xcp-proof-of-burn-address/" ], [ "2011 Eight-Wallet Whale (awakened July 2025)", "4", "2011 (funded); moved July 2025", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/2011-eight-wallet-whale-awakened-july-2025/" ], [ "OKX (formerly OKEx)", "4", "2017-2026", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/okx-formerly-okex/" ], [ "PlusToken BTC Collection Addresses", "4", "2018-2019", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/plustoken-btc-collection-addresses/" ], [ "US DOJ — 2016 Bitfinex Hack Proceeds Seizure", "4", "2016–2022", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/us-doj-2016-bitfinex-hack-proceeds-seizure/" ], [ "US DOJ — Silk Road \"Individual X\" Forfeiture (2020)", "4", "2013–2020", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/us-doj-silk-road-individual-x-forfeiture-2020/" ], [ "US FBI — Silk Road / Ulbricht Seizure (2013)", "4", "2013–2015", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/us-fbi-silk-road-ulbricht-seizure-2013/" ], [ "Bitcoin Puzzle transaction (2015)", "5", "2015-present", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/bitcoin-puzzle-transaction-2015/" ], [ "Bitfinex 2016 Hack Destination Addresses", "5", "2016", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/bitfinex-2016-hack-destination-addresses/" ], [ "WikiLeaks donation address (currently published)", "5", "2020s (first-seen date not verified)", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/wikileaks-donation-address-currently-published/" ], [ "Bitfinex Hack Residual Movement (2021)", "5", "2021", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/bitfinex-hack-residual-movement-2021/" ], [ "Bitfinex Hacked-Coin Movement, January 2017", "7", "2017", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/bitfinex-hacked-coin-movement-january-2017/" ], [ "Bitcoin whitepaper embedded on-chain (2013)", "11", "2013", "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/bitcoin-whitepaper-embedded-on-chain-2013/" ] ] }, "related": [ { "label": "Community leaderboard", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/leaderboard/" }, { "label": "Wallet library", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/wallet/" }, { "label": "The inferred early-mining pattern", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/patoshi-pattern/" }, { "label": "A documented early test payment", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/hal-finney/" } ] } ] }