{
  "$schema": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/schemas/article-v1.json",
  "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
  "id": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust",
  "canonical": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/arbitrum-nova-anytrust/",
  "collection": "ethereum",
  "title": "Arbitrum Nova and AnyTrust: trading a data assumption for lower costs",
  "description": "Understand how AnyTrust uses a data-availability committee and how that differs from publishing full rollup data on Ethereum.",
  "aliases": [
    "Arbitrum Nova AnyTrust",
    "Arbitrum One versus Nova"
  ],
  "dates": {
    "published": "2026-10-02",
    "modified": "2026-10-02",
    "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z",
    "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02"
  },
  "authorship": {
    "publisher": "Degrees of Satoshi editorial project",
    "process": "AI-assisted research and drafting with a separate automated source-verification pass; no external expert or named human review is implied."
  },
  "quickAnswer": {
    "text": "Arbitrum Nova uses Nitro’s AnyTrust design, which can rely on a data-availability committee instead of publishing every batch’s full data on Ethereum. A committee certificate attests that data will be available under the configured assumptions. This reduces one cost source but adds a trust dependency compared with Nitro rollup data publication. The protocol can fall back to publishing full data when it cannot obtain the required certificate.",
    "claimId": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust-quick-answer",
    "sourceIds": [
      "x425-eth-arbitrum-nitro"
    ]
  },
  "keyFacts": [
    {
      "label": "Committee",
      "value": "AnyTrust committee members store data and serve it on request.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "x425-eth-arbitrum-nitro"
      ],
      "id": "committee",
      "claimId": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust-fact-committee"
    },
    {
      "label": "Certificate",
      "value": "A certificate identifies data and includes the required committee signatures.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "x425-eth-arbitrum-nitro"
      ],
      "id": "certificate",
      "claimId": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust-fact-certificate"
    },
    {
      "label": "Fallback",
      "value": "A batch can be posted with full data instead of a committee certificate.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "x425-eth-arbitrum-nitro"
      ],
      "id": "fallback",
      "claimId": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust-fact-fallback"
    }
  ],
  "prerequisites": [
    "ethereum-layer-2",
    "ethereum-blobs-data-availability"
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "difference",
      "heading": "Data availability is the central distinction",
      "sourceIds": [
        "x425-eth-arbitrum-nitro"
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "Nitro rollup mode publishes compressed transaction data to Ethereum. AnyTrust can publish a certificate while the underlying data is held by committee servers. Validators still need the data to execute and check the chain.",
        "A proof or certificate about data is not the data itself. The availability assumption determines why participants expect the referenced bytes to be obtainable."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "example",
      "heading": "The classic committee threshold has a specific assumption",
      "sourceIds": [
        "x425-eth-arbitrum-nitro"
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "For an illustrative five-member committee using the classic assumption that at least two members are honest, the certificate requires four signatures. Any set of four then includes at least one honest member under that assumption. This example is not a statement of Nova’s current committee membership.",
        "The guarantee depends on the assumed honest member retaining and serving the data for the required period. Signature count alone does not remove the assumption."
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fallback",
      "heading": "A fallback is a protocol path with conditions",
      "sourceIds": [
        "x425-eth-arbitrum-nitro"
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "If the sequencer cannot obtain the required certificate, the documented design can post full data on Ethereum instead. Nodes understand both formats. This offers an alternative publication path, rather than proving the committee can never fail.",
        "When comparing Nova with One or another Nitro chain, check the active data configuration and keyset. Software family, network identity and data-availability model are separate facts."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "faq": [
    {
      "question": "Is AnyTrust data stored in every Ethereum transaction batch?",
      "answer": "Not necessarily. A batch can publish a committee certificate while its underlying data is served by the committee. Full-data publication is another supported path.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "x425-eth-arbitrum-nitro"
      ]
    },
    {
      "question": "Does the five-member example describe Nova’s live committee?",
      "answer": "No. It is a small arithmetic illustration of the classic threshold assumption. Current membership and configuration need their own live checks.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "x425-eth-arbitrum-nitro"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "claims": [
    {
      "id": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust-quick-answer",
      "articleSlug": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust",
      "statement": "Arbitrum Nova uses Nitro’s AnyTrust design, which can rely on a data-availability committee instead of publishing every batch’s full data on Ethereum. A committee certificate attests that data will be available under the configured assumptions. This reduces one cost source but adds a trust dependency compared with Nitro rollup data publication. The protocol can fall back to publishing full data when it cannot obtain the required certificate.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "source-2d1073e5ab3a8020"
      ],
      "sourceLocators": [
        {
          "sourceId": "source-2d1073e5ab3a8020",
          "locator": "Transaction journey; rollup; AnyTrust"
        }
      ],
      "scope": {
        "collection": "ethereum",
        "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02",
        "blockHeight": null
      },
      "qualification": "",
      "evidenceStatus": "documented",
      "verification": {
        "status": "verified",
        "method": "independent automated source review",
        "checkedAt": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z",
        "reviewer": "Independent automated verification agent verify_bitcoin_stablecoins_100",
        "notes": [
          "Read Nitro Inside AnyTrust, keysets, DACerts, servers and sequencer-committee interaction. Classic H=2 formula K=N+1-H yields 4 signatures for N=5, ensuring at least one honest signer because at most 3 dishonest. Expiry/serving condition and fallback publication preserved; hypothetical committee not live Nova membership."
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust-fact-committee",
      "articleSlug": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust",
      "statement": "Committee: AnyTrust committee members store data and serve it on request.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "source-2d1073e5ab3a8020"
      ],
      "sourceLocators": [
        {
          "sourceId": "source-2d1073e5ab3a8020",
          "locator": "Transaction journey; rollup; AnyTrust"
        }
      ],
      "scope": {
        "collection": "ethereum",
        "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02",
        "blockHeight": null
      },
      "qualification": "",
      "evidenceStatus": "documented",
      "verification": {
        "status": "verified",
        "method": "independent automated source review",
        "checkedAt": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z",
        "reviewer": "Independent automated verification agent verify_bitcoin_stablecoins_100",
        "notes": [
          "Read Nitro Inside AnyTrust, keysets, DACerts, servers and sequencer-committee interaction. Classic H=2 formula K=N+1-H yields 4 signatures for N=5, ensuring at least one honest signer because at most 3 dishonest. Expiry/serving condition and fallback publication preserved; hypothetical committee not live Nova membership."
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust-fact-certificate",
      "articleSlug": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust",
      "statement": "Certificate: A certificate identifies data and includes the required committee signatures.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "source-2d1073e5ab3a8020"
      ],
      "sourceLocators": [
        {
          "sourceId": "source-2d1073e5ab3a8020",
          "locator": "Transaction journey; rollup; AnyTrust"
        }
      ],
      "scope": {
        "collection": "ethereum",
        "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02",
        "blockHeight": null
      },
      "qualification": "",
      "evidenceStatus": "documented",
      "verification": {
        "status": "verified",
        "method": "independent automated source review",
        "checkedAt": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z",
        "reviewer": "Independent automated verification agent verify_bitcoin_stablecoins_100",
        "notes": [
          "Read Nitro Inside AnyTrust, keysets, DACerts, servers and sequencer-committee interaction. Classic H=2 formula K=N+1-H yields 4 signatures for N=5, ensuring at least one honest signer because at most 3 dishonest. Expiry/serving condition and fallback publication preserved; hypothetical committee not live Nova membership."
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust-fact-fallback",
      "articleSlug": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust",
      "statement": "Fallback: A batch can be posted with full data instead of a committee certificate.",
      "sourceIds": [
        "source-2d1073e5ab3a8020"
      ],
      "sourceLocators": [
        {
          "sourceId": "source-2d1073e5ab3a8020",
          "locator": "Transaction journey; rollup; AnyTrust"
        }
      ],
      "scope": {
        "collection": "ethereum",
        "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02",
        "blockHeight": null
      },
      "qualification": "",
      "evidenceStatus": "documented",
      "verification": {
        "status": "verified",
        "method": "independent automated source review",
        "checkedAt": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z",
        "reviewer": "Independent automated verification agent verify_bitcoin_stablecoins_100",
        "notes": [
          "Read Nitro Inside AnyTrust, keysets, DACerts, servers and sequencer-committee interaction. Classic H=2 formula K=N+1-H yields 4 signatures for N=5, ensuring at least one honest signer because at most 3 dishonest. Expiry/serving condition and fallback publication preserved; hypothetical committee not live Nova membership."
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "x425-eth-arbitrum-nitro",
      "label": "Inside Arbitrum Nitro",
      "publisher": "Offchain Labs",
      "url": "https://docs.arbitrum.io/how-arbitrum-works/inside-arbitrum-nitro",
      "locator": "Transaction journey; rollup; AnyTrust",
      "note": "Nitro rollup execution and Ethereum batch publication versus AnyTrust committee assumptions.",
      "version": "Documentation snapshot retrieved 2 October 2026; response hash recorded separately",
      "checkedAt": "2026-10-02T18:55:27.094Z",
      "contentSha256": "b0e9819a15eacadbab163dd3255ded4025880453fde823e0aa5df2ff03d83990",
      "recordId": "source-2d1073e5ab3a8020"
    }
  ],
  "related": {
    "articles": [
      "optimistic-rollups",
      "ethereum-blobs-data-availability",
      "rollup-sequencers",
      "polygon-pos-and-rollups",
      "op-stack-and-superchain"
    ],
    "dossiers": [],
    "wallets": []
  },
  "revisionHistory": [
    {
      "date": "2026-10-02",
      "kind": "published",
      "summary": "First publication after primary-source research and separate automated verification."
    }
  ],
  "citation": "Degrees of Satoshi editorial project. “Arbitrum Nova and AnyTrust: trading a data assumption for lower costs.” Published 2026-10-02; updated 2026-10-02. https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/arbitrum-nova-anytrust/"
}