{ "$schema": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/schemas/catalogue-v1.json", "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "collections": { "bitcoin": { "label": "Bitcoin", "count": 125, "description": "Understand the original cryptocurrency, its history, and the evidence recorded on its chain." }, "ethereum": { "label": "Ethereum", "count": 115, "description": "Explore accounts, smart contracts, proof of stake, and the networks built around Ethereum." }, "stablecoins": { "label": "Stablecoins", "count": 65, "description": "Follow the backing, redemption rights, controls, and dependencies behind a price peg." }, "defi": { "label": "DeFi", "count": 120, "description": "Work through swaps, lending, governance, and the assumptions behind financial protocols." } }, "entries": [ { "id": "what-is-ethereum", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "What is Ethereum? 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null } }, { "id": "ethereum-accounts", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum accounts: keys, contract code and delegated accounts", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-accounts/", "description": "Understand Ethereum accounts and wallet software, then see how key-controlled accounts, contract accounts and EIP-7702 delegation differ.", "aliases": [ "EOA", "externally owned account", "contract account" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-transactions-and-nonces", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum transactions and nonces: how requests stay in order", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-transactions-and-nonces/", "description": "Read an Ethereum transaction’s destination, value, data and nonce, with a pending-payment example and the difference between execution and finality.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum nonce", "pending ETH transaction", "transaction hash" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:16:35.976Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ethereum-gas-fees", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum gas fees: units, prices and the amount actually paid", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-gas-fees/", "description": "Calculate an illustrative Ethereum fee, distinguish gas used from the gas limit, and understand base fees, tips and charges for failed execution.", "aliases": [ "gas limit", "gas price", "gwei fee", "Ethereum transaction cost" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:16:35.976Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ethereum-fee-burning", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Why Ethereum burns fees, and why supply does not always fall", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-fee-burning/", "description": "See how Ethereum base-fee burning works, where the tip goes and why net ETH supply depends on both destruction and issuance over a stated interval.", "aliases": [ "ETH burn", "deflationary Ethereum", "base fee burn" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ethereum-smart-contracts", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Smart contracts: programmed rules, examples and outside promises", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-smart-contracts/", "description": "Follow a simple escrow example to understand contract code, state, authorization, external data and the difference between execution and a real promise.", "aliases": [ "smart contract explained", "onchain program" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:16:35.976Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ethereum-virtual-machine", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "The Ethereum Virtual Machine: how different computers agree", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-virtual-machine/", "description": "Learn how the EVM turns transactions into the same state changes on different computers, with a counter example and clear limits to EVM compatibility.", "aliases": [ "EVM", "Ethereum virtual computer", "EVM compatible" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ethereum-wallet-requests", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Reading Ethereum wallet requests: connection, signing and calls", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-wallet-requests/", "description": "Distinguish connecting a wallet, signing a message and sending a transaction, and learn how decoded contract requests reveal amounts and permissions.", "aliases": [ "wallet signature request", "ABI", "typed data", "connect wallet" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:16:35.976Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "erc-20-tokens", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "ERC-20 tokens: balances, decimals and spending permissions", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/erc-20-tokens/", "description": "Understand the ERC-20 token interface through a balance and decimals example, including allowances and what the standard does not say about value.", "aliases": [ "ERC20", "fungible token", "token decimals" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:16:35.976Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "erc-721-nfts", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "ERC-721 NFTs: the token, its metadata and what ownership means", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/erc-721-nfts/", "description": "Separate an NFT’s onchain ownership record from its image, metadata and outside rights, with a token-ID example and an explanation of approvals.", "aliases": [ "ERC721", "NFT ownership", "non-fungible token" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "erc-1155-multi-tokens", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "ERC-1155: many token types and batch transfers in one contract", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/erc-1155-multi-tokens/", "description": "Use a game-inventory example to learn ERC-1155 balances, token IDs, batch transfers, receiving checks and the scope of operator approvals.", "aliases": [ "ERC1155", "multi-token standard", "batch token transfer" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ethereum-token-approvals", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Token approvals: what a spender can do after you authorize it", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-token-approvals/", "description": "Walk through an ERC-20 allowance example and compare token, NFT and operator approvals, including revocation and the limits of disconnecting a wallet.", "aliases": [ "token allowance", "approve transaction", "revoke approval", "unlimited approval" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:16:35.976Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ethereum-smart-accounts", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Smart accounts: programmable authorization, recovery and gas", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-smart-accounts/", "description": "Understand smart accounts through batching and recovery examples, then distinguish ERC-4337 user operations from EIP-7702 delegation and sponsorship.", "aliases": [ "account abstraction", "ERC-4337", "smart wallet", "EIP-7702" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-proof-of-stake-finality", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum proof of stake: blocks, votes and checkpoint finality", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-proof-of-stake-finality/", "description": "Follow Ethereum slots, epochs and checkpoint votes, and distinguish transaction inclusion from finality using a simple stake-weighted example.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum finality", "Gasper", "Casper FFG", "Ethereum epoch" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:16:35.976Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-staking-withdrawals", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum staking and withdrawals: balances, duties and queues", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-staking-withdrawals/", "description": "Understand validator staking, the difference between legacy and compounding balances, and why exiting and receiving a withdrawal are separate steps.", "aliases": [ "stake ETH", "validator withdrawals", "compounding validator" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-slashing", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum slashing: conflicting signatures, penalties and downtime", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-slashing/", "description": "Separate slashable validator messages from routine downtime, with a duplicated-key example and an explanation of correlated penalties and exits.", "aliases": [ "validator slashing", "Ethereum penalties", "double signing" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-merge", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "The Merge: Ethereum changed consensus while preserving its history", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-merge/", "description": "Understand Ethereum’s 2022 Merge through what changed and what stayed: consensus, ETH balances, fees, issuance and later staking withdrawals.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum Merge", "ETH2", "Ethereum proof of work end" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ethereum-layer-2", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum layer 2: execution elsewhere, settlement on Ethereum", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-layer-2/", "description": "Follow an illustrative rollup payment to distinguish layer-2 execution, Ethereum settlement, separate balances, bridges and implementation-specific risks.", "aliases": [ "L2", "Ethereum rollup", "layer two" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "optimistic-rollups", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Optimistic rollups: state claims, challenges and withdrawal waits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/optimistic-rollups/", "description": "Understand optimistic rollups through an incorrect-balance example, including fault proofs, data availability, challengers and withdrawal timing.", "aliases": [ "fault proofs", "fraud proofs", "rollup challenge period" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:16:35.976Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "validity-rollups", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Validity rollups: what does the proof prove?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/validity-rollups/", "description": "Learn how validity rollups prove state changes, why data still matters, and why a proof does not make every transaction private or instant.", "aliases": [ "ZK-rollup", "zero-knowledge rollup", "validity proof" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ethereum-blobs-data-availability", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum blobs and data availability", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-blobs-data-availability/", "description": "Understand how Ethereum blobs carry rollup data, how commitments differ from data, and why availability is not permanent archival storage.", "aliases": [ "blob", "EIP-4844", "data availability", "proto-danksharding" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "rollup-sequencers", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Rollup sequencers: who puts transactions in order?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/rollup-sequencers/", "description": "Learn what a rollup sequencer does, why a fast acknowledgment differs from settlement, and how ordering, outages and escape paths affect users.", "aliases": [ "sequencer", "rollup operator", "soft confirmation" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ethereum-nodes-rpc", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum nodes and RPC: how wallets see the chain", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-nodes-rpc/", "description": "Understand execution and consensus clients, what an RPC provider tells a wallet, and why running a verifying node differs from staking.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum node", "RPC endpoint", "execution client", "consensus client" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ethereum-block-explorer", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "How to read an Ethereum block explorer", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-block-explorer/", "description": "Read transaction status, ETH value, token events and gas fees without confusing execution success with safety or inclusion with finality.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum explorer", "transaction receipt", "transaction hash lookup" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:10:23.134Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "what-is-a-stablecoin", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is a stablecoin? A target price and the system behind it", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-a-stablecoin/", "description": "Stablecoins target a reference value using reserves, collateral or other mechanisms. Learn what the peg means and what a token holder actually owns.", "aliases": [ "stablecoins", "stable coin" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-peg-vs-market-price", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "A stablecoin peg is a target; its market price is a trade", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-peg-vs-market-price/", "description": "Why a one-dollar stablecoin trades above or below one dollar, how arbitrage helps and why eligibility, fees and liquidity matter.", "aliases": [ "peg versus price", "stablecoin premium", "stablecoin discount" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "cash-backed-stablecoins", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Cash-backed stablecoins: what sits behind the token?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/cash-backed-stablecoins/", "description": "A reserve-backed stablecoin connects an on-chain token to off-chain assets. Understand reserve composition, redemption and the limits of cash-backed labels.", "aliases": [ "fiat-backed stablecoins", "reserve-backed stablecoins" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "crypto-backed-stablecoins", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Crypto-backed stablecoins: debt, collateral and liquidation", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/crypto-backed-stablecoins/", "description": "How collateralized stablecoins are created, why collateral buffers matter, and how liquidation and oracle failures can affect the system.", "aliases": [ "collateralized stablecoins", "crypto-collateralized stablecoins" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "algorithmic-stablecoins", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Algorithmic stablecoins: when the peg depends on incentives", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/algorithmic-stablecoins/", "description": "How supply adjustments and linked tokens can target a stable price, why feedback loops matter, and what the UST record demonstrates.", "aliases": [ "algo stablecoins" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "synthetic-dollars", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Synthetic dollars: a dollar target built from positions", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/synthetic-dollars/", "description": "How a long asset and short derivative can offset price exposure, and why funding, custody and exchange risk remain in synthetic-dollar designs.", "aliases": [ "synthetic stablecoins" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-minting-redemption-eligibility", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Who can mint or redeem a stablecoin?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-minting-redemption-eligibility/", "description": "Holding a token is different from opening an issuer account. Learn how direct minting, redemption, exchange sales and protocol conversions differ.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin eligibility", "primary-market stablecoins" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-reserve-reports", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "How to read a stablecoin reserve report", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-reserve-reports/", "description": "Match reserve assets to obligations at the same date, read the valuation and assurance scope, and distinguish reported backing from immediate liquidity.", "aliases": [ "proof of stablecoin backing" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "attestations-audits-proof-of-reserves", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Attestations, audits and proof of reserves answer different questions", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/attestations-audits-proof-of-reserves/", "description": "Read the subject matter, criteria and time period before relying on an assurance label. Why proof of reserves alone does not establish solvency.", "aliases": [ "PoR", "reserve attestations" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-depegging", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoin depegging: observe the price, then investigate the cause", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-depegging/", "description": "A depeg can reflect local liquidity, blocked redemption, backing losses or a failed stabilization mechanism. Learn how to distinguish the evidence.", "aliases": [ "depegging", "stablecoin price failure" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-banking-dependencies", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Why an on-chain stablecoin can still depend on banks", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-banking-dependencies/", "description": "Blockchain transfers, reserve custody and fiat payouts run through different systems. Learn how bank access and settlement can affect a stablecoin.", "aliases": [ "banking risk in stablecoins" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-freezes-issuer-control", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoin freezes and issuer control", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-freezes-issuer-control/", "description": "Private keys authorize wallet actions, while token contracts can impose their own restrictions. Distinguish issuer freezes, platform restrictions and protocol powers.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin blacklisting", "stablecoin blocklisting" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "native-bridged-wrapped-stablecoins", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Native, bridged and wrapped stablecoins", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/native-bridged-wrapped-stablecoins/", "description": "The same ticker can hide different contracts and exit routes. Learn how native issuance, lock-and-mint bridges and burn-and-mint transfers differ.", "aliases": [ "bridged stablecoins", "wrapped stablecoins" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-yield-sources", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Where does stablecoin yield come from?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-yield-sources/", "description": "Separate a stablecoin from the lending, savings or trading product around it. Trace yield to borrowers, reserve income, derivatives or subsidies.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin returns" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-transfer-vs-redemption", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Transferring a stablecoin is not redeeming it", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-transfer-vs-redemption/", "description": "A transfer changes a token balance; a redemption follows a separate exit process. Learn to distinguish confirmations, exchange sales and bank settlement.", "aliases": [ "transfer versus redemption" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "non-dollar-stablecoins", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Non-dollar stablecoins: stable against which currency?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/non-dollar-stablecoins/", "description": "A euro stablecoin can maintain its euro target while changing in dollar value. Understand reference currencies, local liquidity and issuer scope.", "aliases": [ "euro stablecoins", "non-USD stablecoins" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-usdc", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is USDC? The token, its reserves and its redemption route", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-usdc/", "description": "USDC targets the US dollar using issuer-managed reserves. Distinguish native tokens, holder eligibility, reserve evidence and third-party services.", "aliases": [ "USD Coin" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-usdt", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is USDT? Tether’s token and the meaning of its reserves", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-usdt/", "description": "USDT targets one US dollar. Understand Tether’s reserve definition, token issuance, direct redemption conditions and the difference from exchange trading.", "aliases": [ "Tether dollar", "USDt", "USD₮" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "dai-and-usds", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "DAI and USDS: connected tokens in the Sky system", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/dai-and-usds/", "description": "DAI and USDS have a documented one-to-one conversion route, while USDS, sUSDS and governance tokens perform different roles. Understand the shared dependencies.", "aliases": [ "Dai and Sky", "DAI versus USDS" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "tokenized-money-market-funds", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Tokenized money-market funds: a fund share on blockchain rails", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/tokenized-money-market-funds/", "description": "A tokenized fund share can represent an investment in short-term assets. Understand shareholder rights, income, transfer controls and redemption timing.", "aliases": [ "onchain money-market funds", "tokenized MMFs" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:09:00.630Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-defi", "collection": "defi", "title": "What is DeFi? Financial applications built from smart contracts", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-defi/", "description": "Understand decentralized finance through swaps, loans and vaults, including the contracts, assets and people each application depends on.", "aliases": [ "DeFi", "decentralised finance" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "connecting-a-wallet", "collection": "defi", "title": "Connecting a wallet: account access, signatures and approvals", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/connecting-a-wallet/", "description": "Distinguish a wallet connection from a signature, token allowance and transaction, and understand what disconnecting a website actually changes.", "aliases": [ "wallet connection", "disconnect wallet" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "decentralized-exchanges", "collection": "defi", "title": "Decentralized exchanges: how a token trade reaches settlement", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/decentralized-exchanges/", "description": "See how decentralized exchanges quote and settle trades, why an interface differs from its contracts, and which limits a swap transaction enforces.", "aliases": [ "DEX", "decentralised exchange" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:17:57.897Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "automated-market-makers", "collection": "defi", "title": "Automated market makers: trading against a programmed inventory", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/automated-market-makers/", "description": "Learn how an automated market maker exchanges pooled inventory, how its curve changes a quote, and why arbitrage and liquidity providers matter.", "aliases": [ "AMM" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "constant-product-pools", "collection": "defi", "title": "Constant-product pools: deriving the output from x times y", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/constant-product-pools/", "description": "Work through a constant-product swap with and without fees, distinguish effective input from reserves, and understand integer rounding.", "aliases": [ "x*y=k", "xyk" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:28:10.667176+00:00", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "liquidity-pools", "collection": "defi", "title": "Liquidity pools: shared inventory with different accounting rules", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/liquidity-pools/", "description": "Understand what a liquidity pool holds, how a provider’s claim differs from the original deposit, and why pool size does not guarantee withdrawal.", "aliases": [ "DeFi pool" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "concentrated-liquidity", "collection": "defi", "title": "Concentrated liquidity: providing inventory inside a price range", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/concentrated-liquidity/", "description": "Learn how a Uniswap v3 liquidity range becomes active or inactive, changes its token composition, and trades capital efficiency for narrower coverage.", "aliases": [ "range liquidity" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "liquidity-provider-positions", "collection": "defi", "title": "Liquidity provider positions: what an LP token or NFT represents", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/liquidity-provider-positions/", "description": "Compare fungible Uniswap v2 pool shares with individual v3 positions, including inventory claims, accumulated fees and the effect of transfers.", "aliases": [ "LP position", "liquidity receipt" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:17:57.897Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "impermanent-loss", "collection": "defi", "title": "Impermanent loss: comparing pool inventory with simply holding", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/impermanent-loss/", "description": "Calculate the difference between holding two assets and providing full-range constant-product liquidity, with explicit fees and model limitations.", "aliases": [ "divergence loss" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "slippage-and-price-impact", "collection": "defi", "title": "Slippage and price impact: two reasons a swap rate can differ", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/slippage-and-price-impact/", "description": "Separate the price change caused by your trade from execution changes after quoting, and see how minimum output relates to slippage tolerance.", "aliases": [ "slippage versus price impact" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:17:57.897Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "swap-routing-and-aggregators", "collection": "defi", "title": "Swap routing and aggregators: selecting a path through liquidity", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/swap-routing-and-aggregators/", "description": "Learn how swap routes cross or split between pools, why gas can change the best route, and what an aggregator quote does and does not promise.", "aliases": [ "trade routing" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "defi-arbitrage", "collection": "defi", "title": "DeFi arbitrage: why prices converge and differences can remain", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/defi-arbitrage/", "description": "Understand how trades across markets can narrow price differences, why displayed spreads are not profits, and how atomic execution changes risk.", "aliases": [ "cross-pool arbitrage" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "maximal-extractable-value", "collection": "defi", "title": "Maximal extractable value: the consequences of transaction order", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/maximal-extractable-value/", "description": "Explore how transaction inclusion and ordering affect DeFi outcomes, including arbitrage, liquidation competition and sandwich trades.", "aliases": [ "miner extractable value" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "blockchain-oracles", "collection": "defi", "title": "Blockchain oracles: getting observations into contract decisions", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/blockchain-oracles/", "description": "Understand why contracts need external observations, how price-feed timestamps and decimals matter, and where oracle trust enters a DeFi system.", "aliases": [ "price oracle" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "defi-lending-pools", "collection": "defi", "title": "DeFi lending pools: supply claims, debt and available liquidity", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/defi-lending-pools/", "description": "Follow a pooled loan from deposit to repayment, distinguish interest-bearing receipts from debt, and understand collateral and withdrawal limits.", "aliases": [ "lending market" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:17:57.897Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "utilization-and-borrowing-rates", "collection": "defi", "title": "Utilization and borrowing rates: pricing a pool’s available funds", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/utilization-and-borrowing-rates/", "description": "Calculate a simple utilization ratio, see why borrowing rates can steepen near full usage, and distinguish annualized rates from realized yield.", "aliases": [ "utilisation rate" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "collateral-and-health-factors", "collection": "defi", "title": "Collateral and health factors: measuring a loan against its limits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/collateral-and-health-factors/", "description": "Calculate an Aave-style health factor, distinguish borrowing limits from liquidation thresholds, and see how prices or interest can change a position.", "aliases": [ "LTV", "collateral ratio" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:17:57.897Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "defi-liquidations", "collection": "defi", "title": "DeFi liquidations: exchanging debt repayment for collateral", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/defi-liquidations/", "description": "Trace a collateralized loan liquidation, separate eligibility from actual execution, and understand bonuses, close limits and residual bad debt.", "aliases": [ "loan liquidation" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "flash-loans", "collection": "defi", "title": "Flash loans: borrowing that must settle inside one transaction", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/flash-loans/", "description": "Understand a flash loan’s callback and repayment condition, why it does not provide lasting unsecured cash, and how debt-opening variants differ.", "aliases": [ "one-transaction loan" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "liquid-staking", "collection": "defi", "title": "Liquid staking: a transferable claim on a staking arrangement", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/liquid-staking/", "description": "Distinguish a liquid staking token from native ETH, compare rebasing and exchange-rate accounting, and follow the difference between selling and redeeming.", "aliases": [ "liquid staking token", "LST" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "wrapped-assets", "collection": "defi", "title": "Wrapped assets: an interface change or a separate backing claim", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/wrapped-assets/", "description": "Compare native-asset wrappers, receipt wrappers and cross-chain representations, and see why a familiar ticker does not identify the backing mechanism.", "aliases": [ "token wrapper" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "blockchain-bridges", "collection": "defi", "title": "Blockchain bridges: verifying an event across separate systems", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/blockchain-bridges/", "description": "Follow lock-and-mint, burn-and-mint and liquidity-based transfers, including message verification, finality and the dependencies behind bridged tokens.", "aliases": [ "cross-chain bridge" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "yield-vaults", "collection": "defi", "title": "Yield vaults: shares, strategies and the meaning of redemption", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/yield-vaults/", "description": "Read a yield vault as an asset-to-share accounting system with a strategy, including preview limits, fees, rounding and inherited dependencies.", "aliases": [ "tokenized vault" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "incentives-and-earned-fees", "collection": "defi", "title": "Incentives and earned fees: identifying where a yield comes from", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/incentives-and-earned-fees/", "description": "Separate trading fees, borrower interest and reward-token subsidies, then compare their units, duration and relationship to a position’s total return.", "aliases": [ "liquidity mining", "reward emissions" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "governance-tokens", "collection": "defi", "title": "Governance tokens: voting authority, delegation and its limits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/governance-tokens/", "description": "Understand how token-based voting assigns authority, why delegation and snapshots matter, and why governance rights do not automatically imply revenue rights.", "aliases": [ "token voting" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "decentralized-autonomous-organizations", "collection": "defi", "title": "DAOs: how a group makes and executes shared decisions", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/decentralized-autonomous-organizations/", "description": "Follow a decentralized autonomous organization from membership to proposal and execution, and distinguish social decisions from contract-enforced powers.", "aliases": [ "decentralised autonomous organisation" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "protocol-upgrades-and-admin-powers", "collection": "defi", "title": "Protocol upgrades and admin powers: who can change what", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/protocol-upgrades-and-admin-powers/", "description": "Understand proxy upgrades, roles and timelocks, and learn how to describe a protocol’s concrete powers without assuming all contracts are immutable.", "aliases": [ "administrative powers", "smart contract upgrade" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "smart-contract-audits", "collection": "defi", "title": "Smart-contract audits: reading the scope, findings and limits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/smart-contract-audits/", "description": "Learn what a security audit actually reviewed, how fixes relate to deployed code, and why an audit is evidence about a scope rather than a guarantee.", "aliases": [ "DeFi audit" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "documented-defi-exploits", "collection": "defi", "title": "Documented DeFi exploits: separating mechanism, scope and outcome", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/documented-defi-exploits/", "description": "Read two primary incident records to distinguish an accounting failure from a compiler defect, keeping affected versions and recovery claims separate.", "aliases": [ "DeFi hacks", "protocol incidents" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T15:08:18.373Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "defi-composability", "collection": "defi", "title": "DeFi composability: reusing capabilities and inheriting dependencies", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/defi-composability/", "description": "Trace a composed position through tokens, vaults, oracles and borrowing, and see why standards enable integration without certifying the combined system.", "aliases": [ "composable finance" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:17:57.897Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "replace-by-fee", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Replace-by-fee: replacing a pending Bitcoin payment", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/replace-by-fee/", "description": "Understand how a pending Bitcoin transaction can be replaced, what changes, and why replacement is a node policy rather than a confirmation guarantee.", "aliases": [ "RBF", "fee bump" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "child-pays-for-parent", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Child pays for parent: how a second transaction can lift the first", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/child-pays-for-parent/", "description": "See how a child transaction can make a package more attractive to miners, including the fee calculation and the requirement to control a spendable output.", "aliases": [ "CPFP" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-stuck-transactions", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Why is my Bitcoin transaction still unconfirmed?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-stuck-transactions/", "description": "Diagnose an unconfirmed Bitcoin payment by separating broadcast, mempool acceptance, fee competition, conflicts and confirmation.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-change-addresses", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin change addresses: where the rest of a payment goes", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-change-addresses/", "description": "Follow a Bitcoin payment with a change output and learn why an unfamiliar output address may still belong to the sender’s wallet.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-coin-selection", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin coin selection: which UTXOs a wallet spends", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-coin-selection/", "description": "Understand how selecting Bitcoin UTXOs changes transaction size, fees, change and the relationships revealed on the public ledger.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-coin-control", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Coin control: choosing which bitcoin to spend", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-coin-control/", "description": "Learn what coin-control features let a Bitcoin wallet user choose, and distinguish input selection from a guarantee of transaction privacy.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-dust", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin dust: a relay-policy threshold, not a smallest coin", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-dust/", "description": "Distinguish Bitcoin dust relay policy from consensus validity and the satoshi unit, including why the threshold depends on the output type and fee setting.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-virtual-size", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin virtual size: bytes, weight and vbytes", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-virtual-size/", "description": "Convert Bitcoin transaction weight to virtual size and understand why raw bytes and fee-paying vbytes are not interchangeable.", "aliases": [ "vbytes", "vsize", "transaction weight" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-fee-rate", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin fee rates: sat/vB versus the total fee", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-fee-rate/", "description": "Calculate a Bitcoin fee from virtual size and sat/vB, and distinguish a rate estimate from the amount actually paid or a promised confirmation time.", "aliases": [ "sat per vbyte", "sat/vB" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-multisig", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin multisig: what a two-of-three wallet actually requires", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-multisig/", "description": "Understand threshold signing, a two-of-three example, backup requirements and why three keys do not necessarily mean three independent people.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "partially-signed-bitcoin-transactions", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "PSBT: passing a Bitcoin transaction between signers", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/partially-signed-bitcoin-transactions/", "description": "Learn what a PSBT contains, which roles update or sign it, and why possessing the file is not the same as possessing the coins.", "aliases": [ "PSBT", "partially signed transaction" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-output-descriptors", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Output descriptors: describing what a Bitcoin wallet can find", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-output-descriptors/", "description": "Understand how Bitcoin descriptors describe scripts and key derivation, why their checksum is useful, and why some descriptors are sensitive.", "aliases": [ "wallet descriptor" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-extended-public-keys", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Extended public keys: useful backups with privacy consequences", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-extended-public-keys/", "description": "Learn what an extended public key can derive, what it reveals about a wallet and why hardened derivation boundaries matter.", "aliases": [ "xpub", "extended public key" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "watch-only-wallets", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Watch-only wallets: seeing funds without the spending keys", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/watch-only-wallets/", "description": "Understand the capabilities and limits of a wallet that monitors Bitcoin outputs without possessing the private keys needed to spend them.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-wallet-passphrases", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Wallet passphrases: seed extensions versus wallet-file encryption", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-wallet-passphrases/", "description": "Distinguish a BIP-39 seed passphrase from a wallet-file password and understand why a different passphrase can open a different wallet without an error.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-address-reuse", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin address reuse: what it reveals", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-address-reuse/", "description": "See what repeated use of a Bitcoin address reveals and why fresh addresses improve separation without making the transaction graph anonymous.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-timelocks", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin timelocks: absolute dates and relative waiting periods", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-timelocks/", "description": "Compare absolute and relative Bitcoin timelocks, block-height and time-based conditions, and the difference between becoming spendable and being paid automatically.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-merkle-proofs", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin Merkle proofs: proving inclusion without the full block", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-merkle-proofs/", "description": "Understand how a transaction inclusion proof connects a Bitcoin transaction to a block header and which questions that proof does not answer.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "simplified-payment-verification", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "SPV wallets: what a lightweight Bitcoin check can establish", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/simplified-payment-verification/", "description": "Learn what Bitcoin SPV checks using headers and Merkle branches, and how its assurances differ from full transaction validation.", "aliases": [ "SPV" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "pruned-bitcoin-nodes", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Pruned Bitcoin nodes: full validation with less historical storage", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/pruned-bitcoin-nodes/", "description": "Understand how Bitcoin pruning reduces retained block storage while preserving validation, and which historical queries it makes unavailable locally.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-block-reorganizations", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin reorganizations: when a confirmed transaction changes branch", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-block-reorganizations/", "description": "Follow what happens when a Bitcoin node switches to a valid branch with more accumulated work and why a transaction’s confirmation count can change.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-coinbase-maturity", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Coinbase maturity: why newly mined bitcoin must wait", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-coinbase-maturity/", "description": "Learn why newly created Bitcoin coinbase outputs have a 100-block maturity condition and distinguish it from ordinary payment confirmation policies.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-payment-channels", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Lightning channels: balances, commitments and closing", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-payment-channels/", "description": "Understand how a Lightning payment channel updates a shared balance off-chain and how funding, commitment transactions and closing connect it to Bitcoin.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-inbound-liquidity", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Lightning inbound liquidity: why receiving needs capacity", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-inbound-liquidity/", "description": "Learn why a Lightning wallet can have funds available to send but insufficient capacity to receive, with a simple channel-balance example.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-routing-fees", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Lightning routing fees: base fees and proportional fees", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-routing-fees/", "description": "Calculate a Lightning forwarding fee from a base charge and proportional rate, and distinguish routing fees from on-chain channel costs.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-transaction-hashes", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum transaction hashes: an identifier, not proof of success", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-transaction-hashes/", "description": "Use an Ethereum transaction hash to find a submitted transaction while keeping network identity, inclusion and execution success separate.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-transaction-receipts", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum receipts: status, gas used and event logs", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-transaction-receipts/", "description": "Read an Ethereum receipt’s status, gas use, logs and block reference without confusing successful execution with final settlement or business success.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-reverted-transactions", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Reverted Ethereum transactions: failed execution and paid gas", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-reverted-transactions/", "description": "Understand which effects a reverted Ethereum transaction rolls back, why gas can still be charged and how a caught internal failure differs from top-level failure.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-pending-transactions", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Pending Ethereum transactions: what the wallet is waiting for", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-pending-transactions/", "description": "Diagnose a pending Ethereum transaction by checking propagation, sender nonce order, fee conditions and the distinction between a node’s pool and chain state.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-transaction-replacement", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Speeding up or cancelling an Ethereum transaction", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-transaction-replacement/", "description": "Understand how an Ethereum wallet competes with its own pending transaction using the same nonce, and why a cancel button cannot reverse confirmed execution.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-chain-id", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Chain IDs: why the same address can exist on different networks", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-chain-id/", "description": "Understand how chain IDs help separate Ethereum-compatible transaction domains and why the same address can exist on several networks.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-address-checksums", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum address checksums: what mixed-case letters can detect", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-address-checksums/", "description": "Learn what EIP-55 mixed-case checksums can detect, what capitalization means and why a correctly checksummed address can still be the wrong recipient.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "wei-and-gwei", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Wei and gwei: converting Ethereum amounts and gas prices", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/wei-and-gwei/", "description": "Convert between wei, gwei and ETH and calculate an execution fee without confusing a gas price with the amount transferred.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-calldata", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Calldata: the bytes sent to an Ethereum contract", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-calldata/", "description": "Read Ethereum calldata as transaction input bytes and distinguish it from ETH value, persistent storage and readable function names.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "function-selectors", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Function selectors: the first four bytes of a contract call", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/function-selectors/", "description": "Learn how Ethereum ABI function selectors are derived, why different signatures can collide and what a decoded method label can and cannot prove.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "smart-contract-events", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Smart-contract events: logs, indexed fields and their limits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/smart-contract-events/", "description": "Read Ethereum events as contract-emitted logs, including indexed topics, decoding limits and why a familiar event name does not authenticate a token.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "internal-transactions", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Internal transactions: an explorer label for execution traces", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/internal-transactions/", "description": "Understand an explorer’s internal-transactions tab as a view of nested execution, rather than a list of separately signed Ethereum transactions.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "verified-contract-source", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Verified contract source: what verification does and does not prove", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/verified-contract-source/", "description": "Distinguish source-code verification from a security audit, including compiler matching, initialization and proxy implementation context.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-contract-abis", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Contract ABIs: the interface used to encode calls", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-contract-abis/", "description": "Learn how an Ethereum ABI describes functions, arguments, results, errors and events, and why the interface does not guarantee implementation behavior.", "aliases": [ "ABI", "application binary interface" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "contract-proxies", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Contract proxies: one address, replaceable implementation", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/contract-proxies/", "description": "Understand Ethereum proxy contracts, implementation addresses and upgrade authority without assuming that a stable address means stable application logic.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "delegatecall-explained", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Delegatecall: whose code runs, and whose storage changes?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/delegatecall-explained/", "description": "Understand why Ethereum delegatecall uses another contract’s code with the caller’s storage and why code selection becomes an authority decision.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "create2-contract-addresses", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "CREATE2: predictable contract addresses and their limits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/create2-contract-addresses/", "description": "Understand deterministic Ethereum contract addresses under CREATE2 and distinguish a precomputed destination from a deployed, trustworthy account.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "eip-712-typed-data", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Typed-data signatures: reading EIP-712 messages", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/eip-712-typed-data/", "description": "Read Ethereum typed-data signatures by checking the domain, requested action and replay controls, rather than assuming a readable message is harmless.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "permit-signatures", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Permit signatures: authorizing token spending without an approval transaction", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/permit-signatures/", "description": "Understand ERC-2612 signed allowances, including spender, amount, nonce and deadline, and why signing without gas can still authorize token spending.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "signature-replay-attacks", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Signature replay: when the same authorization can be used again", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/signature-replay-attacks/", "description": "Understand how a valid signature can be reused outside its intended scope and compare transaction nonces, chain domains and application-level replay defenses.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-transaction-simulation", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Transaction simulation: useful rehearsal with an uncertain future", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-transaction-simulation/", "description": "Use Ethereum simulation to inspect likely execution at a chosen state while understanding why a successful preview cannot guarantee a later transaction outcome.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "nft-metadata", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "NFT metadata: where the name, image and attributes live", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/nft-metadata/", "description": "Separate an NFT’s on-chain ownership record from its metadata and media, including optional tokenURI interfaces and mutable hosting dependencies.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "soulbound-tokens", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Soulbound tokens: transfer restrictions and issuer powers", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/soulbound-tokens/", "description": "Understand non-transferable token designs through ERC-5192 and distinguish locked transfer behavior from trustworthy identity or permanent recovery guarantees.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "erc-4626-tokenized-vaults", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "ERC-4626 vaults: assets, shares and conversion previews", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/erc-4626-tokenized-vaults/", "description": "Read the ERC-4626 vault interface by distinguishing assets, shares, previews and withdrawal limits, including why standardization does not guarantee safe yield.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-access-lists", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum access lists: declaring accounts and storage in advance", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-access-lists/", "description": "Understand Ethereum transaction access lists as gas-accounting hints for addresses and storage keys, not permission lists or guaranteed cost reductions.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-state-and-storage", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum state and storage: what contracts remember", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-state-and-storage/", "description": "Distinguish Ethereum account state, persistent contract storage, execution memory and calldata, with an example of an ERC-20 balance.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-blob-fees", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Blob fees: a separate fee market for rollup data", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-blob-fees/", "description": "Understand Ethereum’s separate blob-gas fee component and why lower data publication costs do not imply that rollup users always pay a fixed fee.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "smart-account-bundlers", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Smart-account bundlers: turning user operations into transactions", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/smart-account-bundlers/", "description": "Understand an ERC-4337 bundler’s role in turning user operations into an on-chain transaction, including validation, fees and limits on inclusion promises.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "smart-account-paymasters", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Paymasters: who pays for a smart-account operation?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/smart-account-paymasters/", "description": "Understand how an ERC-4337 paymaster covers gas under a policy and why gas sponsorship does not mean unlimited free transactions.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "smart-account-recovery", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Smart-account recovery: replacing access without a seed phrase", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/smart-account-recovery/", "description": "Understand preconfigured smart-account recovery through guardians or delayed signer replacement, including the authority and monitoring trade-offs.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:12:41.505Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "usdc-vs-usdt", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "USDC and USDT: comparing two issuer-backed stablecoins", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/usdc-vs-usdt/", "description": "Compare USDC and USDT through their issuers, redemption terms, reserve disclosures and chain-specific tokens rather than treating either as an identical digital dollar.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-contract-addresses", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Finding the correct stablecoin contract for a network", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-contract-addresses/", "description": "Identify a stablecoin by its network and official contract, distinguishing authentic deployments, bridged versions, imitations and test tokens.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-transfer-fees", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoin transfer fees: why you may still need the native token", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-transfer-fees/", "description": "Separate network gas, platform withdrawal fees, swap costs and redemption charges when comparing the cost of moving a stablecoin.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-wrong-network", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Sent a stablecoin on the wrong network: what to check", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-wrong-network/", "description": "Understand why the same-looking address does not guarantee a stablecoin deposit is supported on another network and what evidence is needed to assess recovery.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-market-cap", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoin market cap: supply times price, not a reserve audit", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-market-cap/", "description": "Calculate a stablecoin market-cap measure and understand why it differs from reserves, transaction volume, circulating supply and immediately available redemption liquidity.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-reserve-maturity", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Reserve maturity: why cash and a Treasury bill are different", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-reserve-maturity/", "description": "Understand why the maturity of stablecoin reserve assets matters for cash availability without treating short-dated assets as an unconditional redemption guarantee.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-reserve-segregation", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Segregated reserves: what separation can and cannot establish", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-reserve-segregation/", "description": "Read claims that stablecoin reserves are segregated by asking which assets, accounts, beneficiaries and legal arrangements the disclosure actually describes.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-bank-deposit-insurance", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Are stablecoins covered by US bank-deposit insurance?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-bank-deposit-insurance/", "description": "Distinguish US FDIC-insured bank deposits from stablecoins, reserve investments and balances held through nonbank crypto platforms.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "circle-cctp", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Circle CCTP: moving native USDC by burning and minting", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/circle-cctp/", "description": "Follow a native USDC cross-chain transfer through burning, Circle attestation and destination minting, including the separate dependencies at each stage.", "aliases": [ "CCTP" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-pyusd", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is PYUSD? Issuance, backing and controls", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-pyusd/", "description": "Understand PayPal USD through Paxos issuer disclosures, reserve-report scope and the difference between a payment token and a bank account.", "aliases": [ "PYUSD", "PayPal USD" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-eurc", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is EURC? A euro peg still carries dollar exchange-rate risk", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-eurc/", "description": "Understand Circle’s euro-referenced stablecoin EURC and separate its euro target from exchange-rate changes measured in dollars or another currency.", "aliases": [ "EURC" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-usde", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is USDe? The synthetic dollar and its hedge", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-usde/", "description": "Understand Ethena’s synthetic dollar USDe through its backing portfolio, hedging mechanism and disclosed funding, custody and exchange dependencies.", "aliases": [ "USDe", "Ethena dollar" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-susde", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is sUSDe? A staking receipt, not the same token as USDe", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-susde/", "description": "Understand sUSDe as a share in staked USDe, including reward accrual, cooldown conditions and the distinction between USDe-denominated accounting and dollar safety.", "aliases": [ "sUSDe", "staked USDe" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-susds", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is sUSDS? Shares in a USDS savings arrangement", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-susds/", "description": "Understand Sky’s savings USDS token as a vault share, including rate accumulation, conversion into USDS and authorized contract controls.", "aliases": [ "sUSDS", "Savings USDS" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-redemption-arbitrage", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoin redemption arbitrage: why a peg can still slip", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-redemption-arbitrage/", "description": "Follow the economics of buying a discounted stablecoin for redemption and understand how eligibility, costs, delays and reserve concerns can keep a peg away from target.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:23.891Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "apr-vs-apy", "collection": "defi", "title": "APR versus APY: how compounding changes a displayed rate", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/apr-vs-apy/", "description": "Compare a simple annualized rate with a compounded annual yield, using explicit assumptions about reinvestment, variable rates, fees and reward-token prices.", "aliases": [ "APR", "APY" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "realized-vs-projected-yield", "collection": "defi", "title": "Projected and realized yield: measuring what actually happened", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/realized-vs-projected-yield/", "description": "Separate a displayed yield estimate from an actual holding-period outcome, including reinvestment, reward prices, fees and cash flows.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "token-emission-dilution", "collection": "defi", "title": "Token emissions: rewards, dilution and the unit of account", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/token-emission-dilution/", "description": "Understand how token rewards can change a holder’s share of supply and why newly distributed incentives are different from externally earned fees.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "defi-tvl", "collection": "defi", "title": "Total value locked: what TVL measures and what it misses", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/defi-tvl/", "description": "Interpret total value locked using a provider’s scope, asset prices and double-counting rules, rather than treating TVL as revenue or a safety certificate.", "aliases": [ "TVL", "total value locked" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "market-cap-vs-fdv", "collection": "defi", "title": "Market cap versus fully diluted valuation", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/market-cap-vs-fdv/", "description": "Compare circulating market capitalization with fully diluted valuation and understand the supply assumptions hidden behind each token metric.", "aliases": [ "FDV", "fully diluted valuation" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "token-unlocks-and-vesting", "collection": "defi", "title": "Token unlocks and vesting: when restricted supply becomes available", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/token-unlocks-and-vesting/", "description": "Read a token vesting schedule by distinguishing allocation, claimability, circulating supply and an actual market sale.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "money-market-interest-indexes", "collection": "defi", "title": "Lending interest indexes: accruing balances without daily transfers", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/money-market-interest-indexes/", "description": "Understand how lending protocols use cumulative indexes to update supply and debt balances without sending a separate transaction to every account each second.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "aave-atokens", "collection": "defi", "title": "Aave aTokens: the receipt for a supplied asset", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/aave-atokens/", "description": "Understand standard Aave aTokens as supply-position accounting, including indexed balances, transfer constraints and the difference between a balance and immediate withdrawal liquidity.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "variable-debt-tokens", "collection": "defi", "title": "Variable debt tokens: tracking a borrower’s growing obligation", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/variable-debt-tokens/", "description": "Understand Aave variable-debt tokens as non-transferable borrowing records whose balances include accrued interest, rather than tradeable yield assets.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "defi-isolated-lending-markets", "collection": "defi", "title": "Isolated lending markets: which risks are actually separated?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/defi-isolated-lending-markets/", "description": "Distinguish a fully separate lending market from Aave’s isolation mode and understand which risks a restricted collateral configuration can and cannot contain.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lending-supply-caps", "collection": "defi", "title": "Supply caps: limiting deposits into a lending reserve", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lending-supply-caps/", "description": "Understand a lending reserve’s supply cap as a limit on additional deposits and distinguish it from available withdrawal liquidity or a guarantee against loss.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "borrow-caps", "collection": "defi", "title": "Borrow caps: limiting debt without guaranteeing liquidity", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/borrow-caps/", "description": "Read a lending reserve’s borrow cap alongside available liquidity and account collateral, without confusing a market-wide limit with a personal credit limit.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "loan-to-value-vs-liquidation-threshold", "collection": "defi", "title": "LTV and liquidation threshold: two different collateral limits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/loan-to-value-vs-liquidation-threshold/", "description": "Compare a lending position’s borrowing limit with its liquidation boundary using a clear collateral example and market-specific assumptions.", "aliases": [ "LTV", "liquidation threshold" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "liquidation-bonus", "collection": "defi", "title": "Liquidation bonuses: who receives the discount?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/liquidation-bonus/", "description": "Understand the incentive paid to a DeFi liquidator and calculate how it affects collateral removed, without assuming every liquidation restores a position to safety.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "oracle-heartbeat-deviation", "collection": "defi", "title": "Oracle heartbeats and deviation thresholds: when prices update", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/oracle-heartbeat-deviation/", "description": "Understand price-feed heartbeat and deviation triggers, including why a feed still needs timestamp, unit and application-specific freshness checks.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "twap-oracles", "collection": "defi", "title": "TWAP oracles: averaging prices over time", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/twap-oracles/", "description": "Understand time-weighted average prices, distinguish Uniswap v2 and v3 averaging methods and evaluate the trade-off between smoothing and delayed response.", "aliases": [ "TWAP", "time-weighted average price" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "sandwich-attacks", "collection": "defi", "title": "Sandwich attacks: trading around someone else’s swap", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/sandwich-attacks/", "description": "Understand how transaction ordering around a swap can worsen a trader’s execution, and distinguish minimum-output protection from a guarantee against all MEV.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "private-transaction-submission", "collection": "defi", "title": "Private transaction submission: hiding an order from which audience?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/private-transaction-submission/", "description": "Understand what changes when a transaction is sent to a private relay or builder path, including visibility, inclusion policy and fallback assumptions.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "limit-orders-onchain", "collection": "defi", "title": "On-chain limit orders: price conditions and execution dependencies", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/limit-orders-onchain/", "description": "Understand a crypto limit order as conditional trade authorization, including signed orders, execution incentives, cancellation and the difference from a guaranteed fill.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "uniswap-v2-vs-v3", "collection": "defi", "title": "Uniswap v2 and v3: full-range versus concentrated liquidity", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/uniswap-v2-vs-v3/", "description": "Compare Uniswap v2 full-range liquidity with v3 concentrated positions, including capital placement, fee accounting and time-weighted price oracles.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:15:18.493Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "uniswap-v4-hooks", "collection": "defi", "title": "Uniswap v4 hooks: custom pool behavior and extra dependencies", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/uniswap-v4-hooks/", "description": "Understand optional Uniswap v4 hook contracts, their permissions and why a pool’s custom behavior must be examined alongside the core protocol.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:19:48.887Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "fee-on-transfer-tokens", "collection": "defi", "title": "Fee-on-transfer tokens: when the received amount is smaller", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/fee-on-transfer-tokens/", "description": "Understand token transfer deductions and why quoted or requested amounts can differ from what an integrating contract actually receives.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:19:48.887Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "rebasing-tokens", "collection": "defi", "title": "Rebasing tokens: balances can change without a transfer", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/rebasing-tokens/", "description": "Understand balances that change through rebasing, distinguish token units from ownership share and examine integration-specific accounting risks.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:19:48.887Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "wrapped-staked-ether", "collection": "defi", "title": "Wrapped staked ether: shares instead of a rebasing balance", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/wrapped-staked-ether/", "description": "Understand Lido wstETH as a non-rebasing representation of stETH, including conversion rates, market prices and separate withdrawal steps.", "aliases": [ "wstETH" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:19:48.887Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "restaking", "collection": "defi", "title": "Restaking: additional services and additional slashing conditions", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/restaking/", "description": "Understand restaking through the pinned EigenLayer v1.5.0 architecture, including delegation, service allocation, rewards and additional slashing exposure.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:19:48.887Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "defi-withdrawal-queues", "collection": "defi", "title": "Withdrawal queues: a claim today and settlement later", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/defi-withdrawal-queues/", "description": "Understand asynchronous DeFi withdrawals using Lido’s request, finalization and claim process, including receipt ownership and continuing risk while waiting.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:19:48.887Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "vault-share-price", "collection": "defi", "title": "Vault share price: converting between shares and assets", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/vault-share-price/", "description": "Interpret vault shares as claims on underlying assets, distinguish conversion estimates from executable previews and account for fees, rounding and limits.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:19:48.887Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "vault-inflation-attacks", "collection": "defi", "title": "Vault inflation attacks: donations, rounding and first deposits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/vault-inflation-attacks/", "description": "Understand how donations and share rounding can harm deposits into vulnerable vaults, and why the exact implementation and defenses matter.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:19:48.887Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "governance-delegation", "collection": "defi", "title": "Governance delegation: voting power without transferring the tokens", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/governance-delegation/", "description": "Understand delegated voting power in OpenZeppelin-style governance, including self-delegation, historical snapshots and the distinction from spending authority.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:19:48.887Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "governance-timelocks", "collection": "defi", "title": "Governance timelocks: a delay, not an automatic veto", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/governance-timelocks/", "description": "Understand governance execution delays, distinguish voting from scheduling and execution, and inspect which privileged actions a timelock actually controls.", "aliases": [], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:19:48.887Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "how-to-receive-bitcoin", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "How to receive Bitcoin: addresses, amounts and arrival checks", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/how-to-receive-bitcoin/", "description": "Learn what to share to receive bitcoin, verify the destination and distinguish a visible payment from an available balance.", "aliases": [ "receive bitcoin", "receive bitcoin explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "how-to-send-bitcoin", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "How to send Bitcoin: review the destination, amount and fee", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/how-to-send-bitcoin/", "description": "Follow a Bitcoin payment from a trusted request through amount and fee review, signing, broadcasting and confirmation.", "aliases": [ "send bitcoin", "send bitcoin explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-payment-requests-qr-codes", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin payment requests and QR codes: what a scan actually tells you", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-payment-requests-qr-codes/", "description": "Understand Bitcoin payment QR codes and URI fields, including decimal BTC amounts, labels, alternative routes and recipient checks.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin QR code payment", "bitcoin QR code payment explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-payment-refunds", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin refunds: why returning a payment requires a new transaction", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-payment-refunds/", "description": "Learn why a Bitcoin refund is a new payment, how to choose its destination and why copying an original input address can lose the refund.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin refund", "bitcoin refund explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-payment-not-showing-in-wallet", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin received but missing from your wallet: what to check", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-payment-not-showing-in-wallet/", "description": "Diagnose a Bitcoin receipt that appears on the chain but is absent from your wallet by checking network, account, synchronization and address discovery.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin received not showing", "bitcoin received not showing explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-send-max", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Sending all your bitcoin: why Send Max differs from the displayed balance", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-send-max/", "description": "Understand Send Max by separating spendable inputs, transaction fees, watch-only balances and the recipient’s final amount.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin send max", "bitcoin send max explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-payment-batching", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin payment batching: many recipients in one transaction", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-payment-batching/", "description": "See how Bitcoin batching combines recipients, changes fee overhead and reveals payment relationships, with an illustrative size comparison.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin batch payments", "bitcoin batch payments explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-exchange-withdrawal-fees", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin withdrawal fees versus network fees", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-exchange-withdrawal-fees/", "description": "Reconcile a Bitcoin service withdrawal fee with the amount received and the miner fee, especially when withdrawals are batched.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin withdrawal fee network fee", "bitcoin withdrawal fee network fee explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-merchant-invoices", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin merchant invoices: paid, expired, short and overpaid", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-merchant-invoices/", "description": "Read Bitcoin invoice states without confusing a payment request, detected funds, settlement, partial payment and a merchant refund.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin invoice expired paid", "bitcoin invoice expired paid explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-address-validation", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Checking a Bitcoin address: format, network and recipient", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-address-validation/", "description": "Check Bitcoin address syntax and network compatibility while keeping recipient authentication separate from checksum validity.", "aliases": [ "check bitcoin address valid", "check bitcoin address valid explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "hardware-wallets-explained", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Hardware wallets: what the device protects and what it cannot check", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/hardware-wallets-explained/", "description": "Understand hardware-wallet signing, device-screen checks and recovery without assuming the hardware can authenticate every request.", "aliases": [ "how hardware wallets work", "how hardware wallets work explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-hot-wallet-vs-cold-wallet", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Hot wallets versus cold wallets: compare signing and recovery paths", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-hot-wallet-vs-cold-wallet/", "description": "Compare hot and cold Bitcoin wallets by key exposure, payment workflow and recovery rather than by where a balance is displayed.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin hot wallet vs cold wallet", "bitcoin hot wallet vs cold wallet explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-offline-signing", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Offline Bitcoin signing: build, inspect, sign and broadcast", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-offline-signing/", "description": "Follow an offline Bitcoin signing workflow and understand the limits of unsigned files, transfer media and broadcast confirmation.", "aliases": [ "sign bitcoin offline", "sign bitcoin offline explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-import-vs-sweep", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Importing versus sweeping Bitcoin private keys", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-import-vs-sweep/", "description": "Compare importing a private key with sweeping its funds into a new Bitcoin wallet, including fees and future backup requirements.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin import vs sweep", "bitcoin import vs sweep explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-paper-wallets", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin paper wallets: what to understand before spending from one", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-paper-wallets/", "description": "Understand legacy Bitcoin paper wallets, private-key copies, change outputs and the difference between importing and sweeping funds.", "aliases": [ "spend bitcoin paper wallet", "spend bitcoin paper wallet explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-brainwallets", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Brainwallets versus seed phrases: why a memorable sentence is different", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-brainwallets/", "description": "Distinguish a human-chosen brainwallet sentence from a randomly generated mnemonic and understand why word count does not measure unpredictability.", "aliases": [ "brainwallet vs seed phrase", "brainwallet vs seed phrase explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-12-vs-24-word-seed", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "12 versus 24 seed words: entropy, checksums and compatibility", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-12-vs-24-word-seed/", "description": "Compare 12- and 24-word BIP-39 mnemonics using entropy and checksum arithmetic, while keeping wallet-format compatibility separate.", "aliases": [ "12 vs 24 word seed phrase", "12 vs 24 word seed phrase explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-wallet-gap-limit", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin wallet gap limits: why an address can be missed during recovery", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-wallet-gap-limit/", "description": "Learn how Bitcoin address gap limits affect recovery, why later receipts can be missed and how to investigate without exposing the seed.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin wallet gap limit", "bitcoin wallet gap limit explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-wallet-file-backups", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin wallet-file backups: what a seed may not preserve", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-wallet-file-backups/", "description": "Understand Bitcoin wallet-file backups, imported keys and local metadata, and why restoring a seed may not recreate the entire application state.", "aliases": [ "backup bitcoin wallet file", "backup bitcoin wallet file explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-wallet-software-authenticity", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Checking Bitcoin wallet downloads and software signatures", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-wallet-software-authenticity/", "description": "Check Bitcoin wallet software origin, release signatures and signer identity without mistaking a matching hash for proof of a safe program.", "aliases": [ "verify bitcoin wallet download", "verify bitcoin wallet download explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-core-explained", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin Core explained: node software, wallet and RPC interface", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-core-explained/", "description": "Understand the roles of Bitcoin Core’s node, optional wallets and RPC interface without confusing running software with earning bitcoin.", "aliases": [ "what is bitcoin core", "what is bitcoin core explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-node-initial-sync", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin initial synchronization: downloading is only part of the job", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-node-initial-sync/", "description": "Understand Bitcoin initial block download, header and block progress, validation work and why a sync percentage is not a reliable countdown.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin node sync slow", "bitcoin node sync slow explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-node-vs-wallet-server", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Your Bitcoin node versus a wallet server: who supplies the answers?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-node-vs-wallet-server/", "description": "Compare a wallet’s use of public servers with a personal Bitcoin node and understand which privacy and verification assumptions change.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin node electrum server", "bitcoin node electrum server explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-rescan-vs-reindex", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin wallet rescan versus node reindex", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-rescan-vs-reindex/", "description": "Distinguish a Bitcoin wallet rescan from rebuilding node indexes and chainstate, including what neither operation can recover.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin rescan vs reindex", "bitcoin rescan vs reindex explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-test-networks", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin mainnet, testnet, signet and regtest", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-test-networks/", "description": "Compare Bitcoin mainnet, testnet, signet and regtest so testing does not get confused with real payments or identical network behavior.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin testnet signet regtest", "bitcoin testnet signet regtest explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-node-connection-problems", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin node connection problems: peers, headers and local access", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-node-connection-problems/", "description": "Diagnose a Bitcoin node by separating peer connectivity, block processing and access from a local wallet application.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin node no connections", "bitcoin node no connections explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-node-rpc-security", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin RPC security: why a node API needs restricted access", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-node-rpc-security/", "description": "Understand Bitcoin Core RPC authority, local authentication and remote-access risks without confusing the API with ordinary peer networking.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin core RPC security", "bitcoin core RPC security explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-software-upgrades", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Updating Bitcoin software: releases, backups and compatibility", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-software-upgrades/", "description": "Plan a Bitcoin software update around authentic releases, usable backups and wallet or API compatibility rather than assuming installation changes the network rules.", "aliases": [ "update bitcoin core safely", "update bitcoin core safely explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-transaction-broadcasting", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Broadcasting a signed Bitcoin transaction: what acceptance proves", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-transaction-broadcasting/", "description": "Distinguish a signed Bitcoin transaction, a local mempool test, network broadcast and block inclusion, including privacy and retry implications.", "aliases": [ "broadcast bitcoin transaction", "broadcast bitcoin transaction explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-message-signatures", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin message signatures: proof of control with clear limits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-message-signatures/", "description": "Understand what Bitcoin signed messages can demonstrate, why format compatibility matters and why a signature does not prove identity or permanent control.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin sign message proof ownership", "bitcoin sign message proof ownership explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-onchain-vs-lightning", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "On-chain Bitcoin versus Lightning: choose the correct payment route", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-onchain-vs-lightning/", "description": "Compare a Bitcoin on-chain payment with Lightning by payment destination, settlement, fees, availability and recovery needs.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin onchain vs lightning", "bitcoin onchain vs lightning explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-invoices", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Lightning invoices: amount, expiry and payment status", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-invoices/", "description": "Read Lightning invoices: amount, network, expiry, payment hash and why a fresh invoice is usually needed for a fresh payment.", "aliases": [ "lightning invoice explained", "lightning invoice explained explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-addresses", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Lightning addresses: an email-like name that requests an invoice", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-addresses/", "description": "Understand Lightning Addresses, their email-like syntax and the service that turns them into invoices.", "aliases": [ "lightning address vs bitcoin address", "lightning address vs bitcoin address explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-wallet-custody", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Custodial and self-custodial Lightning wallets", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-wallet-custody/", "description": "Compare custodial and self-custodial Lightning wallets by signing control, service reliance, backups and withdrawal.", "aliases": [ "custodial lightning wallet", "custodial lightning wallet explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-channel-backups", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Lightning channel backups: why a seed alone may not be enough", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-channel-backups/", "description": "Understand what Lightning channel backups recover, why a seed alone may be insufficient and how LND static channel backups differ from live state.", "aliases": [ "lightning channel backup recovery", "lightning channel backup recovery explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-watchtowers", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Lightning watchtowers: monitoring channels while a wallet is offline", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-watchtowers/", "description": "Understand Lightning watchtowers, the revoked-state problem they monitor and why they do not replace backups or guarantee payment availability.", "aliases": [ "lightning watchtower", "lightning watchtower explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-force-close", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Lightning force closes: why funds can take time to return", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-force-close/", "description": "Understand a Lightning force close, its delayed outputs, sweep transactions and the difference from a cooperative close.", "aliases": [ "lightning force close waiting", "lightning force close waiting explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-payment-status", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Lightning payment pending, failed or succeeded: when to retry", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-payment-status/", "description": "Interpret pending, failed and successful Lightning payments without treating a dispatch timeout as final failure.", "aliases": [ "lightning payment pending failed", "lightning payment pending failed explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-submarine-swaps", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Lightning submarine swaps: moving between channels and on-chain funds", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-submarine-swaps/", "description": "Understand how submarine swaps move between on-chain and Lightning balances, including fees, timeouts and refund work.", "aliases": [ "lightning submarine swap loop", "lightning submarine swap loop explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lightning-bolt12-offers", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "BOLT 12 offers: reusable Lightning requests and fresh invoices", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-bolt12-offers/", "description": "Understand reusable BOLT 12 offers and how a wallet requests a fresh Lightning invoice before paying.", "aliases": [ "bolt12 offers lightning", "bolt12 offers lightning explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-mining-hardware", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin mining hardware: hash rate, power and ASIC efficiency", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-mining-hardware/", "description": "Read Bitcoin mining hardware specifications: hash rate, wall power, energy efficiency and the practical limits of a rated performance figure.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin mining hardware ASIC", "bitcoin mining hardware ASIC explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-pool-payout-methods", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Mining pool payouts: PPS, FPPS and PPLNS", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-pool-payout-methods/", "description": "Compare PPS, PPLNS, FPPS and PPS+ mining pool payouts and understand where block-finding variance and transaction fees enter the calculation.", "aliases": [ "PPS FPPS PPLNS bitcoin", "PPS FPPS PPLNS bitcoin explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-solo-mining-odds", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Solo Bitcoin mining odds: expected time is not a deadline", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-solo-mining-odds/", "description": "Estimate solo Bitcoin mining odds without turning an expected waiting time into a promised reward date.", "aliases": [ "solo bitcoin mining odds", "solo bitcoin mining odds explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-rejected-mining-shares", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Rejected and stale mining shares: reading a pool dashboard", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-rejected-mining-shares/", "description": "Understand accepted, stale and rejected mining shares and why local and pool hash-rate displays can differ.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin rejected stale shares", "bitcoin rejected stale shares explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-stratum-mining", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Stratum mining: how pool jobs reach mining hardware", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-stratum-mining/", "description": "Understand Stratum mining communication, the role of a pool or proxy and what Stratum V2’s optional job declaration changes.", "aliases": [ "stratum v1 vs v2 bitcoin", "stratum v1 vs v2 bitcoin explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "can-bitcoin-be-frozen", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Can Bitcoin be frozen? Keys, custodians and miner censorship", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/can-bitcoin-be-frozen/", "description": "Distinguish freezing a Bitcoin exchange account from changing Bitcoin spending rules, censoring a transaction or using a wallet’s local coin lock.", "aliases": [ "can bitcoin be frozen", "can bitcoin be frozen explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-block-time-variance", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Why Bitcoin blocks sometimes take an hour", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-block-time-variance/", "description": "Understand why Bitcoin blocks can arrive seconds or much longer apart even though the target interval is about ten minutes.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin block taking an hour", "bitcoin block taking an hour explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-transaction-id-vs-address", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin transaction ID versus wallet address", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-transaction-id-vs-address/", "description": "Distinguish a Bitcoin transaction ID from a receiving address, an output index and a SegWit witness transaction ID.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin transaction id vs address", "bitcoin transaction id vs address explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-payjoin", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin Payjoin: a payment built with inputs from both sides", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-payjoin/", "description": "Understand Payjoin, where the receiver adds inputs to a Bitcoin payment and why that weakens the common-input ownership assumption.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin payjoin explained", "bitcoin payjoin explained explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bitcoin-coinjoin", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin CoinJoin: collaborative transactions and privacy limits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-coinjoin/", "description": "Understand CoinJoin as collaborative Bitcoin transaction construction, including signing control and the limits of equal-output privacy.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin coinjoin explained", "bitcoin coinjoin explained explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:29:20.637Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "metamask-password-and-recovery-phrase", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "MetaMask password and recovery phrase: which one restores access?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/metamask-password-and-recovery-phrase/", "description": "Understand which MetaMask credential unlocks an installation, restores a seed-based wallet or participates in social-account recovery.", "aliases": [ "forgot MetaMask password", "password versus seed phrase" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "metamask-missing-restored-accounts", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Why are accounts missing after restoring MetaMask?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/metamask-missing-restored-accounts/", "description": "Find missing MetaMask accounts after phrase restoration by checking derivation order, import method and the original address.", "aliases": [ "MetaMask account missing after restore", "restore imported wallet accounts" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-tokens-not-showing", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Why does an Ethereum token balance not appear in my wallet?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-tokens-not-showing/", "description": "Diagnose an absent token balance by separating the wallet address, network, token contract and wallet display list.", "aliases": [ "token balance not showing", "import custom token wallet" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "unsolicited-tokens-and-nfts", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Unexpected tokens and NFTs: what does receiving an airdrop mean?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/unsolicited-tokens-and-nfts/", "description": "Understand why an unexpected airdrop can appear without consent and where interacting with its links or permissions creates risk.", "aliases": [ "random NFT in wallet", "unexpected token airdrop" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "wallet-phishing-websites", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Fake wallet websites: how phishing reaches a real Ethereum account", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/wallet-phishing-websites/", "description": "Recognize fake wallet and support websites before recovery phrases, private keys or dangerous authorizations are exposed.", "aliases": [ "fake MetaMask website", "wallet support asking seed phrase" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "hardware-wallets-for-ethereum", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Hardware wallets for Ethereum: what the device protects", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/hardware-wallets-for-ethereum/", "description": "Understand what Ethereum hardware wallets isolate and why verified destinations and understandable signing requests still matter.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum hardware wallet signing", "hardware wallet blind signing" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-wallet-derivation-paths", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum derivation paths: why one seed can show different accounts", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-wallet-derivation-paths/", "description": "Learn how derivation paths and account indexes explain different Ethereum addresses when the same recovery phrase is used in different wallets.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum derivation path", "same seed different Ethereum address" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "walletconnect-sessions", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "WalletConnect sessions: pairing a wallet with an application", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/walletconnect-sessions/", "description": "Understand WalletConnect pairing, session permissions and later signing requests before treating a connection as authority over assets.", "aliases": [ "WalletConnect session explained", "disconnect WalletConnect session" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-rpc-privacy", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "What can an Ethereum RPC provider learn about a wallet?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-rpc-privacy/", "description": "Understand the account information revealed by RPC queries and the privacy limits of both public ledgers and self-hosted nodes.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum RPC privacy", "does RPC see wallet address" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-send-max-balance", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Why can’t I send my entire ETH balance?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-send-max-balance/", "description": "See why sending all ETH requires a fee budget and how gas limits, fee caps and actual charges leave small remainders.", "aliases": [ "send maximum ETH balance", "insufficient funds for gas value" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-dapp-connection-errors", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Why won’t an Ethereum app connect to my wallet?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-dapp-connection-errors/", "description": "Separate a rejected wallet request, missing account permission and unavailable chain from an actual Ethereum transaction failure.", "aliases": [ "wallet connection error 4001", "Ethereum wallet disconnected error" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "sign-in-with-ethereum", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Sign-In with Ethereum: what a wallet login proves", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/sign-in-with-ethereum/", "description": "Learn what an EIP-4361 wallet login authenticates and why domain, nonce and time checks matter when verifying a sign-in message.", "aliases": [ "Sign In with Ethereum", "SIWE wallet login" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-ens", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "What is ENS? Names, addresses and the resolver between them", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-ens/", "description": "Understand how ENS names point to addresses and other records without replacing account keys or proving a person’s identity.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum Name Service explained", "what is ENS name" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ens-name-registration", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Registering an ENS name: why registration has separate steps", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ens-name-registration/", "description": "Follow the ENSv1 .eth commit-and-register process and distinguish registration fees, network gas and record configuration.", "aliases": [ "register eth name", "ENS registration commit reveal" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ens-renewal-and-expiration", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "ENS renewal and expiry: what happens when a .eth name runs out?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ens-renewal-and-expiration/", "description": "Learn what ENSv1 .eth expiry changes, how its grace period works and why an expired name does not remove wallet access.", "aliases": [ "ENS name expired", "renew eth domain" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ens-owner-manager-resolver", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "ENS owner, manager and resolver: who controls which settings?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ens-owner-manager-resolver/", "description": "Separate ENS registration ownership, record-management authority and resolver code before transferring or changing a name.", "aliases": [ "ENS owner manager difference", "ENS resolver explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ens-primary-name", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "ENS primary names: showing a name for your wallet address", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ens-primary-name/", "description": "Understand ENS reverse lookup and the forward-address verification needed before an app displays a primary name.", "aliases": [ "set ENS primary name", "ENS reverse resolution" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ens-address-records", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "ENS address records: one name, different destinations", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ens-address-records/", "description": "Check the coin and chain context of ENS address records before using a readable name as a payment destination.", "aliases": [ "ENS multiple addresses", "ENS address record wrong network" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ens-subnames", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "ENS subnames: what control does a parent name retain?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ens-subnames/", "description": "Understand who controls an ENS subname, what parent permissions can do and why wrapped-subname expiry matters.", "aliases": [ "ENS subdomains", "ENS subname parent control" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ens-name-normalization", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "ENS lookalike names and normalization: checking what you resolve", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ens-name-normalization/", "description": "Learn why ENS software normalizes names before lookup and why valid Unicode still does not prove a name belongs to the intended person.", "aliases": [ "ENS name normalization", "ENS lookalike names" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "nft-minting", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "What happens when you mint an NFT?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/nft-minting/", "description": "Distinguish creating an NFT from buying an existing one, and check the contract, recipient, price and actual mint result.", "aliases": [ "NFT minting explained", "mint price versus gas" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "nft-safe-transfers", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Sending an NFT to a contract: why safe transfers can fail", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/nft-safe-transfers/", "description": "Understand the receiver checks in NFT safe transfers and why they do not verify the human recipient or guarantee recovery.", "aliases": [ "NFT safe transfer failed", "send NFT to smart contract" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "nft-operator-approvals", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "NFT operator approvals: what does “approve all” allow?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/nft-operator-approvals/", "description": "Learn how NFT operator permissions differ from individual-token approvals and how to inspect or revoke their scope.", "aliases": [ "NFT approve all meaning", "revoke NFT operator approval" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "nft-listings-and-offers", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "NFT listings and offers: how signatures become marketplace trades", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/nft-listings-and-offers/", "description": "Separate NFT sale signatures, token approvals and onchain fulfillment using Seaport’s documented order model.", "aliases": [ "NFT listing signature", "NFT offer cancellation" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "nft-royalties", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "NFT royalties: what ERC-2981 specifies and what it does not enforce", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/nft-royalties/", "description": "Understand what ERC-2981 reports, how a royalty amount is calculated and why the standard alone does not enforce payment.", "aliases": [ "NFT royalties ERC2981", "are NFT royalties enforced" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "nft-burning", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Burning an NFT: which record disappears and what can remain?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/nft-burning/", "description": "Distinguish an NFT burn function from sending a token away and understand which ownership and media records remain.", "aliases": [ "burn NFT meaning", "NFT burn versus dead address" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "nfts-not-showing-in-wallet", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Why is my NFT missing from a wallet or marketplace display?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/nfts-not-showing-in-wallet/", "description": "Diagnose missing NFT thumbnails or ownership displays by checking the network, contract, token ID and current owner.", "aliases": [ "NFT not showing wallet", "NFT image missing ownership" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "nft-ipfs-storage", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "NFTs and IPFS: a content address is not a storage guarantee", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/nft-ipfs-storage/", "description": "Separate an NFT’s IPFS content identifier from continued file availability, pinning and the contract’s metadata pointer.", "aliases": [ "NFT IPFS permanence", "IPFS pinning NFT image" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-solo-staking", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Solo staking Ethereum: what running a validator involves", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-solo-staking/", "description": "Understand the stake, software and ongoing duties involved in running your own Ethereum validator.", "aliases": [ "solo staking Ethereum requirements", "run Ethereum validator at home" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-staking-as-a-service", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Staking as a service: which keys and duties go to the operator?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-staking-as-a-service/", "description": "Compare validator operation, withdrawal control and custody when a provider runs an Ethereum validator for you.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum staking as a service", "staking provider withdrawal keys" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "pooled-ethereum-staking", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Pooled Ethereum staking: sharing a validator and adding dependencies", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/pooled-ethereum-staking/", "description": "Understand how pools combine smaller ETH contributions and why pool claims, fees and exit routes differ from a personal validator.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum staking pool explained", "stake less than 32 ETH" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-validator-keys", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Validator signing keys and withdrawal credentials: different powers", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-validator-keys/", "description": "Separate a validator’s online signing key from withdrawal credentials and the address controlling its funds.", "aliases": [ "validator signing withdrawal key", "Ethereum withdrawal credentials" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-validator-downtime", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "What happens when an Ethereum validator goes offline?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-validator-downtime/", "description": "Understand missed validator duties, ordinary inactivity penalties and the difference between an outage and a slashable signature.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum validator offline", "staking downtime penalties" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-client-diversity", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum client diversity: why software choice affects shared risk", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-client-diversity/", "description": "Learn why running different Ethereum client implementations reduces correlated failure risk across execution and consensus.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum client diversity", "majority consensus client risk" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "distributed-validator-technology", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Distributed validators: how several machines share Ethereum signing", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/distributed-validator-technology/", "description": "Understand how several machines coordinate one validator with key shares, and what threshold signing does and does not protect.", "aliases": [ "distributed validator technology", "DVT Ethereum staking" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-staking-reward-components", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Where do Ethereum staking rewards come from?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-staking-reward-components/", "description": "Separate consensus rewards, transaction tips and operating costs when interpreting an Ethereum staking return.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum staking rewards source", "validator rewards tips MEV" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-validator-activation", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum validator activation: from deposit to active duties", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-validator-activation/", "description": "Distinguish a confirmed staking deposit from a validator becoming eligible, entering the queue and starting duties.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum validator activation queue", "staking deposit pending activation" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-staking-deposits", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum staking deposits: checking the contract and deposit data", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-staking-deposits/", "description": "Understand what a validator deposit funds, which identifiers matter and why deposit confirmation must be checked against consensus status.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum staking deposit contract", "validator deposit data" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-validator-fee-recipient", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Validator fee recipients: where tips go versus staking withdrawals", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-validator-fee-recipient/", "description": "Understand the execution address used for validator transaction tips and why it is separate from withdrawal credentials.", "aliases": [ "validator fee recipient", "staking fee recipient withdrawal address" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "validator-slashing-protection", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Moving an Ethereum validator safely: slashing-protection records", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/validator-slashing-protection/", "description": "Learn why validator migrations need signing history and why copying a keystore is not a safe active-backup strategy.", "aliases": [ "validator migration slashing protection", "Ethereum slashing protection database" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-mainnet-and-testnets", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum mainnet and testnets: separate networks for separate purposes", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-mainnet-and-testnets/", "description": "Understand why Ethereum mainnet, public testnets and local development networks have separate balances and purposes.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum mainnet testnet difference", "Sepolia Hoodi testnet" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-testnet-faucets", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Test ETH and faucets: practicing without buying mainnet ether", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-testnet-faucets/", "description": "Learn what a testnet faucet provides, which address it needs and how to diagnose missing test ETH without exposing wallet secrets.", "aliases": [ "get test ETH faucet", "testnet ETH value" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-slots-and-missed-blocks", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum slots and missed blocks: why a slot can have no block", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-slots-and-missed-blocks/", "description": "Separate Ethereum’s scheduled slots from actual blocks and see how a missed slot affects elapsed time and block counts.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum missed slot", "Ethereum block time slots" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-beacon-chain", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "The Beacon Chain after the Merge: consensus alongside execution", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-beacon-chain/", "description": "Understand the Beacon Chain’s role in Ethereum consensus and what changed when it joined the execution layer at the Merge.", "aliases": [ "what is Beacon Chain", "Ethereum execution consensus layers" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-node-sync", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Syncing an Ethereum node: why downloads and verification take time", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-node-sync/", "description": "Understand how an Ethereum node catches up, why execution and consensus synchronization differ and when RPC data may still be incomplete.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum node syncing", "Ethereum snap checkpoint sync" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-archive-nodes", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum archive nodes: asking what an account held in the past", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-archive-nodes/", "description": "Learn why historical Ethereum state queries need suitable retention and how archive capabilities vary by Geth version and configuration.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum archive node", "historical Ethereum balance" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-light-clients", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum light clients: checking headers without executing every block", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-light-clients/", "description": "Understand how Ethereum light clients verify selected data with authenticated headers while doing less work than a full node.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum light client", "Ethereum sync committee" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-weak-subjectivity", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum checkpoints and weak subjectivity: starting from recent history", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-weak-subjectivity/", "description": "Understand why a new or long-offline Ethereum node needs a recent trusted checkpoint before independently following proof-of-stake consensus.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum weak subjectivity", "trusted checkpoint Ethereum" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-network-upgrades", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "How Ethereum upgrades: proposals, client releases and activation", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-network-upgrades/", "description": "Follow the path from an Ethereum proposal to tested client software and an activated network change.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum network upgrades process", "EIP proposed versus activated" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "ethereum-block-reorganizations", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Ethereum reorganizations: when a recent block leaves the chosen chain", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ethereum-block-reorganizations/", "description": "Understand why an included Ethereum transaction can change block position before finality and what applications should recheck after a reorganization.", "aliases": [ "Ethereum chain reorg", "Ethereum removed transaction logs" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "base-network", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "What is Base? Its network, execution and Ethereum settlement", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/base-network/", "description": "Understand Base’s separate network state, Ethereum data publication and the difference between quick confirmation and withdrawal completion.", "aliases": [ "Base network explained", "Base versus Ethereum" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "arbitrum-one", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "What is Arbitrum One? Following a Nitro rollup transaction", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/arbitrum-one/", "description": "Learn how Arbitrum One uses Nitro rollup execution, Ethereum data publication and separate cross-chain message completion.", "aliases": [ "Arbitrum One explained", "Arbitrum Nitro rollup" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "optimism-op-mainnet", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "What is OP Mainnet? The chain, the OP Stack and its settlement", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/optimism-op-mainnet/", "description": "Understand OP Mainnet’s OP Stack rollup structure and how sequencer inclusion, safe blocks and finalized blocks differ.", "aliases": [ "OP Mainnet explained", "Optimism network OP Stack" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "zksync-era", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "What is ZKsync Era? Validity proofs and Ethereum application compatibility", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/zksync-era/", "description": "Understand ZKsync Era’s validity-proof model and why Ethereum tooling compatibility depends on the execution mode and documented differences.", "aliases": [ "ZKsync Era explained", "ZKsync Ethereum compatibility" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "starknet", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "What is Starknet? Cairo accounts and validity proofs on Ethereum", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/starknet/", "description": "Understand Starknet’s validity proofs, Ethereum settlement and native smart-account model before using Ethereum assumptions on another network.", "aliases": [ "Starknet explained", "Starknet Cairo versus EVM" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "polygon-pos-and-rollups", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Polygon PoS versus a rollup: different security and bridge assumptions", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/polygon-pos-and-rollups/", "description": "Distinguish Polygon PoS’s validator and checkpoint model from Ethereum rollup proofs instead of relying on the Polygon brand alone.", "aliases": [ "Polygon PoS versus rollup", "is Polygon PoS Ethereum layer 2" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "arbitrum-nova-anytrust", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Arbitrum Nova and AnyTrust: trading a data assumption for lower costs", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/arbitrum-nova-anytrust/", "description": "Understand how AnyTrust uses a data-availability committee and how that differs from publishing full rollup data on Ethereum.", "aliases": [ "Arbitrum Nova AnyTrust", "Arbitrum One versus Nova" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "op-stack-and-superchain", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "OP Stack and the Superchain: shared software versus shared guarantees", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/op-stack-and-superchain/", "description": "Separate OP Stack software from individual networks and understand what a Superchain registry entry does and does not establish.", "aliases": [ "OP Stack Superchain explained", "are OP Stack chains identical" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "rollup-withdrawal-troubleshooting", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Why is my rollup withdrawal still waiting?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/rollup-withdrawal-troubleshooting/", "description": "Locate the unfinished stage of a rollup withdrawal instead of assuming the first L2 receipt means an Ethereum payout.", "aliases": [ "rollup withdrawal pending", "Optimism withdrawal prove finalize" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "comparing-ethereum-layer-2s", "collection": "ethereum", "title": "Comparing Ethereum layer 2s: the questions behind a cheap transfer", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/comparing-ethereum-layer-2s/", "description": "Compare Ethereum scaling networks using data location, proof design, operational controls, compatibility and exit conditions.", "aliases": [ "compare Ethereum layer 2 networks", "rollup security differences" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:27:58.939Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoins-vs-cbdcs", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoins vs CBDCs: who issues the money?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoins-vs-cbdcs/", "description": "Compare the issuer, claim and access model behind a stablecoin and a central bank digital currency without assuming either requires a public blockchain.", "aliases": [ "stablecoins vs cbdcs", "Stablecoins vs CBDCs who issues the money" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoins-vs-tokenized-deposits", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoins vs tokenized bank deposits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoins-vs-tokenized-deposits/", "description": "Understand how a tokenized commercial-bank deposit differs from a bearer-like stablecoin, including issuer claims, interbank settlement and design variations.", "aliases": [ "stablecoins vs tokenized deposits", "Stablecoins vs tokenized bank deposits" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoins-vs-bitcoin", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoins vs Bitcoin: different monetary designs", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoins-vs-bitcoin/", "description": "Compare Bitcoin with stablecoins through their target value, issuance rules, payment networks and the parties a holder depends on.", "aliases": [ "stablecoins vs bitcoin", "Stablecoins vs Bitcoin different monetary designs" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-currency-risk", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Why dollar stablecoins still carry currency risk", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-currency-risk/", "description": "Work through why a dollar stablecoin can gain or lose value in your home currency even when it stays exactly at its dollar reference.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin currency risk", "Why dollar stablecoins still carry currency risk" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-off-ramps", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoin off-ramps: from tokens to a bank balance", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-off-ramps/", "description": "Follow the steps between a stablecoin wallet and spendable bank money, including issuer redemption, market sale, conversion and payout.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin off ramps", "Stablecoin off-ramps from tokens to a bank balance" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-cross-border-payments", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "How stablecoin cross-border payments work", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-cross-border-payments/", "description": "Trace a cross-border stablecoin payment from sender funding to recipient payout, keeping token settlement, currency conversion and local access separate.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin cross border payments", "How stablecoin cross-border payments work" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-merchant-payments", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Accepting stablecoin payments: what a merchant receives", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-merchant-payments/", "description": "Compare direct stablecoin wallet payments with a processor that settles to a merchant balance, including fulfillment and refund records.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin merchant payments", "Accepting stablecoin payments what a merchant receives" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-payment-refunds", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "How stablecoin refunds work", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-payment-refunds/", "description": "Learn why a stablecoin refund usually creates a new payment, how processor refunds differ, and what must be checked before returning funds.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin payment refunds", "How stablecoin refunds work" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-payroll", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoin payroll: payment rails and wage obligations", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-payroll/", "description": "Separate the currency in which compensation is owed from the stablecoin used to deliver it, including recipient access, privacy and payment records.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin payroll", "Stablecoin payroll payment rails and wage obligations" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-payment-reconciliation", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Reconciling stablecoin payments with invoices", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-payment-reconciliation/", "description": "Match stablecoin transfers to invoices without treating every wallet movement or repeated notification as a new customer payment.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin payment reconciliation", "Reconciling stablecoin payments with invoices" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "usdt-trc20-vs-erc20", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "USDT TRC-20 vs ERC-20: the network difference", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/usdt-trc20-vs-erc20/", "description": "Distinguish USDT on TRON from USDT on Ethereum, including receiving-network support, token identity and the asset used for network costs.", "aliases": [ "usdt trc20 vs erc20", "USDT TRC-20 vs ERC-20 the network difference" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "tron-usdt-energy-bandwidth", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Why sending USDT on TRON uses Energy and Bandwidth", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/tron-usdt-energy-bandwidth/", "description": "Understand the two resources used by TRON token transfers, the TRX fallback and why a displayed USDT balance may not be enough to send.", "aliases": [ "tron usdt energy bandwidth", "Why sending USDT on TRON uses Energy and Bandwidth" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "usdc-on-solana", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "USDC on Solana: token accounts, SOL and transfers", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/usdc-on-solana/", "description": "Read Solana USDC through its mint, token accounts and transaction fees, without confusing native USDC with bridged or similarly named tokens.", "aliases": [ "usdc on solana", "USDC on Solana token accounts, SOL and transfers" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-deposit-memos", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoin deposit memos and destination tags", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-deposit-memos/", "description": "Understand when a stablecoin deposit needs a memo or destination tag, why an address alone may not identify a customer, and how to handle missing attribution.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin deposit memos", "Stablecoin deposit memos and destination tags" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-deposit-not-credited", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Stablecoin sent but not credited: a diagnostic guide", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-deposit-not-credited/", "description": "Diagnose a stablecoin deposit by separating broadcast, execution, confirmation, token identity and a custodial service’s internal credit.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin deposit not credited", "Stablecoin sent but not credited a diagnostic guide" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "counterfeit-stablecoins", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "How to identify counterfeit stablecoin tokens", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/counterfeit-stablecoins/", "description": "Check whether a token or payment is the real stablecoin claimed, using chain-specific issuer records instead of logos, symbols or displayed wallet values.", "aliases": [ "counterfeit stablecoins", "How to identify counterfeit stablecoin tokens" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-test-transfers", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What a small stablecoin test transfer can prove", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-test-transfers/", "description": "Use a small transfer to test a specific receiving route while understanding what it cannot prove about later amounts, access or asset safety.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin test transfers", "What a small stablecoin test transfer can prove" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-bridge-vs-exchange", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Moving stablecoins across chains: bridge or exchange?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-bridge-vs-exchange/", "description": "Compare bridging a stablecoin with depositing and withdrawing through an exchange, focusing on custody, destination tokens and incomplete transfer stages.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin bridge vs exchange", "Moving stablecoins across chains bridge or exchange" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stablecoin-minting-vs-mining", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Are stablecoins mined? Minting and network validation", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stablecoin-minting-vs-mining/", "description": "Separate stablecoin issuance from blockchain consensus and understand why an offer to mine USDT is different from ordinary token creation.", "aliases": [ "stablecoin minting vs mining", "Are stablecoins mined Minting and network validation" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "tether-authorized-vs-issued", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "Tether authorized vs issued supply: what the labels mean", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/tether-authorized-vs-issued/", "description": "Interpret Tether’s treasury authorization and circulation labels without treating every mint transaction as tokens already entering the market.", "aliases": [ "tether authorized vs issued", "Tether authorized vs issued supply what the labels mean" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-rlusd", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is Ripple USD (RLUSD)?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-rlusd/", "description": "Understand Ripple USD’s dollar reference, reserve disclosures, supported ledgers and the distinction between holding RLUSD and obtaining direct issuer redemption.", "aliases": [ "what is rlusd", "What is Ripple USD (RLUSD)" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-usdg", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is Global Dollar (USDG)?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-usdg/", "description": "Learn what Global Dollar represents, which Paxos entities its terms name and why network-partner incentives differ from a return promised to every token holder.", "aliases": [ "what is usdg", "What is Global Dollar (USDG)" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-usdp", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is Pax Dollar (USDP)?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-usdp/", "description": "Identify Pax Dollar, its reserve and redemption model, and why a wallet balance differs from an approved account with the issuer.", "aliases": [ "what is usdp", "What is Pax Dollar (USDP)" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-fdusd", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is First Digital USD (FDUSD)?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-fdusd/", "description": "Read First Digital USD’s issuer and redemption model using the current product page and its dated white paper, with reserve claims and access limitations kept explicit.", "aliases": [ "what is fdusd", "What is First Digital USD (FDUSD)" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-crvusd", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is crvUSD? Curve’s lending stablecoin", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-crvusd/", "description": "Understand how Curve’s crvUSD is minted against collateral and how LLAMMA’s gradual conversions differ from a guarantee against liquidation losses.", "aliases": [ "what is crvusd", "What is crvUSD Curve’s lending stablecoin" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-gho", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is GHO? Aave’s stablecoin", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-gho/", "description": "Understand GHO’s facilitator-based issuance, Aave borrowing relationship and governance-controlled stability mechanisms without assuming a fixed borrowing rate.", "aliases": [ "what is gho", "What is GHO Aave’s stablecoin" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-lusd", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is LUSD? Liquity V1’s stablecoin", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-lusd/", "description": "Learn how Liquity V1 creates LUSD against ETH and why protocol redemption for collateral differs from repaying your own loan or receiving bank dollars.", "aliases": [ "what is lusd", "What is LUSD Liquity V1’s stablecoin" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-bold", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is BOLD? Liquity V2’s stablecoin", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-bold/", "description": "Understand Liquity V2’s BOLD stablecoin, collateral branches and user-set borrowing rates, including how redemptions can affect low-rate Troves.", "aliases": [ "what is bold", "What is BOLD Liquity V2’s stablecoin" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-frxusd", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is frxUSD? Frax USD explained", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-frxusd/", "description": "Read the current Frax USD design through its custodian reserves, minting caps and redemption constraints, without importing assumptions from earlier FRAX models.", "aliases": [ "what is frxusd", "What is frxUSD Frax USD explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-pax-gold", "collection": "stablecoins", "title": "What is PAX Gold (PAXG)? Gold tokens vs dollar stablecoins", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-pax-gold/", "description": "Understand PAXG’s allocated-gold reference and redemption conditions, and why a token backed by gold is not stable in US-dollar terms.", "aliases": [ "what is pax gold", "What is PAX Gold (PAXG) Gold tokens vs dollar stablecoins" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:26:58.461Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "exact-input-vs-exact-output-swaps", "collection": "defi", "title": "Exact-input and exact-output swaps: which amount is fixed?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/exact-input-vs-exact-output-swaps/", "description": "Compare a fixed spending amount with a fixed receiving amount, including the transaction bounds and treatment of unused input.", "aliases": [ "swap exact input vs exact output", "minimum output versus maximum input" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "dex-swap-fee-breakdown", "collection": "defi", "title": "DEX swap costs: separating pool fees, gas and interface charges", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/dex-swap-fee-breakdown/", "description": "Separate the costs inside a DEX quote from the network fee and any service charge, without counting the same pool fee twice.", "aliases": [ "why does a DEX swap cost so much", "DEX trading fee versus gas fee" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "swap-deadlines-expired-quotes", "collection": "defi", "title": "Swap deadlines: why an old quote can stop executing", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/swap-deadlines-expired-quotes/", "description": "Understand why a swap can fail after waiting, and why changing the deadline does not repair an outdated price limit.", "aliases": [ "swap deadline expired quote", "why did my swap expire" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "insufficient-dex-liquidity", "collection": "defi", "title": "Insufficient DEX liquidity: no route, poor quote or unavailable inventory?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/insufficient-dex-liquidity/", "description": "Diagnose missing or weak swap routes by distinguishing supported assets, active inventory and executable size.", "aliases": [ "insufficient liquidity for this trade", "not enough liquidity to swap token" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "identifying-dex-pools", "collection": "defi", "title": "Identifying a DEX pool: token pair, network, fee and contract", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/identifying-dex-pools/", "description": "Identify one concrete pool and avoid confusing similar tickers, networks or fee tiers with the same market.", "aliases": [ "same token pair different liquidity pools", "find the correct Uniswap pool address" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "collecting-lp-fees", "collection": "defi", "title": "Collecting LP fees: claiming earnings versus increasing a position", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/collecting-lp-fees/", "description": "Distinguish uncollected Uniswap v3 fees from active liquidity, and understand the extra work needed for reinvestment.", "aliases": [ "do Uniswap fees compound automatically", "claim Uniswap v3 trading fees" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "out-of-range-liquidity", "collection": "defi", "title": "An out-of-range liquidity position: what changes and what remains?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/out-of-range-liquidity/", "description": "Understand a concentrated position after price leaves its interval, including single-asset inventory, fee earning and re-entry.", "aliases": [ "Uniswap liquidity out of range what happens", "does out of range liquidity earn fees" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "remove-liquidity-vs-sell", "collection": "defi", "title": "Removing liquidity versus selling tokens: different exit actions", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/remove-liquidity-vs-sell/", "description": "Follow an LP exit from decreased liquidity to received tokens and, only if chosen, a later sale.", "aliases": [ "does removing liquidity sell my tokens", "withdraw pool liquidity without swapping" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lp-fee-break-even", "collection": "defi", "title": "LP break-even fees: when trading revenue covers the holding shortfall", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lp-fee-break-even/", "description": "Calculate the earnings required to match a holding benchmark, keeping fees and other cash flows from being counted twice.", "aliases": [ "how much LP fees cover impermanent loss", "LP fees versus holding tokens" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "weighted-liquidity-pools", "collection": "defi", "title": "Weighted liquidity pools: why every AMM is not fifty-fifty", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/weighted-liquidity-pools/", "description": "Understand how unequal pool weights change inventory and spot-price calculations without turning a pool into a guaranteed portfolio.", "aliases": [ "Balancer weighted pool 80 20 explained", "Balancer 80 20 pool price calculation" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stableswap-pools", "collection": "defi", "title": "StableSwap pools: low slippage near balance and risk away from it", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stableswap-pools/", "description": "Understand the curve behind low-slippage stable-asset swaps and why that curve does not guarantee a peg or safe withdrawal.", "aliases": [ "Curve StableSwap amplification explained", "how does StableSwap amplification work" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "single-sided-pool-deposits", "collection": "defi", "title": "Single-sided liquidity deposits: why adding one token can have a cost", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/single-sided-pool-deposits/", "description": "Explain why adding only one pool asset differs from a proportional deposit, even when the interface uses a single action.", "aliases": [ "single sided liquidity deposit price impact", "add one token to a liquidity pool" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "batch-auction-swaps", "collection": "defi", "title": "Batch-auction swaps: how orders can settle together", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/batch-auction-swaps/", "description": "Follow matching orders and external liquidity through a CoW-style batch without assuming every order receives a guaranteed fill.", "aliases": [ "CoW batch auction explained", "how do CoW batches match trades" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "intent-based-swaps", "collection": "defi", "title": "Intent-based swaps: authorizing an outcome for solvers to execute", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/intent-based-swaps/", "description": "Understand the outcome a signed swap intent authorizes and the work delegated to a solver or filler.", "aliases": [ "crypto swap intent solver explained", "what does a signed swap intent authorize" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "dutch-auction-swap-orders", "collection": "defi", "title": "Dutch-auction swap orders: a price that changes until someone fills", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/dutch-auction-swap-orders/", "description": "Read a time-dependent swap price and understand why the final fill depends on competition and execution timing.", "aliases": [ "UniswapX Dutch auction order", "how does a UniswapX Dutch auction work" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "order-book-depth-spread", "collection": "defi", "title": "Order-book depth and spread: reading the liquidity behind a quote", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/order-book-depth-spread/", "description": "Calculate the spread and average execution from discrete orders, and distinguish displayed depth from a completed trade.", "aliases": [ "order book depth bid ask spread", "order book spread and average fill price" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "order-time-in-force", "collection": "defi", "title": "Order time in force: GTC, IOC and fill-or-kill", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/order-time-in-force/", "description": "Compare persistent orders, immediate partial execution and all-or-nothing immediate execution without assuming every venue supports every policy.", "aliases": [ "IOC FOK GTC crypto orders", "IOC versus FOK order" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "post-only-orders", "collection": "defi", "title": "Post-only orders: requiring a maker order instead of an immediate fill", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/post-only-orders/", "description": "Explain why a maker-only order can be rejected, and why resting successfully does not guarantee a trade.", "aliases": [ "post only order rejected", "why was my post only order cancelled" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "reduce-only-orders", "collection": "defi", "title": "Reduce-only orders: closing exposure without reversing it", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/reduce-only-orders/", "description": "Understand how a closing order can avoid opening a new opposite position, including rejection and resizing behavior.", "aliases": [ "reduce only order meaning", "prevent a closing order from reversing a position" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "stop-loss-vs-stop-limit", "collection": "defi", "title": "Stop-market and stop-limit orders: trigger price is not execution price", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/stop-loss-vs-stop-limit/", "description": "Separate a stop trigger from the order sent after it, and understand the trade-off between price bounds and execution uncertainty.", "aliases": [ "stop loss stop limit crypto difference", "stop trigger versus limit price" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "take-profit-orders", "collection": "defi", "title": "Take-profit orders: triggers, partial fills and an open remainder", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/take-profit-orders/", "description": "Read a take-profit trigger, choose between a market-style and limited exit, and track the position left after a fill.", "aliases": [ "crypto take profit order execution", "take profit market versus limit order" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "perpetual-futures", "collection": "defi", "title": "Perpetual futures: price exposure without owning the underlying token", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/perpetual-futures/", "description": "Understand perpetual contract exposure, funding and margin without confusing a derivatives position with owning the token.", "aliases": [ "what is a perpetual futures contract", "perpetual contracts versus owning spot tokens" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "perpetual-funding-payments", "collection": "defi", "title": "Perpetual funding payments: who pays whom, and on what amount?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/perpetual-funding-payments/", "description": "Calculate a funding payment from notional and a period rate, and avoid confusing a quoted annualization with earned return.", "aliases": [ "how perpetual funding payments calculated", "calculate a perpetual funding payment" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "mark-index-last-price", "collection": "defi", "title": "Mark, index and last price: different numbers with different jobs", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/mark-index-last-price/", "description": "Distinguish a recent trade, an external reference and a risk valuation when reading derivatives screens and liquidation notices.", "aliases": [ "mark price index price last price", "mark price versus oracle and last trade" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "leverage-margin-notional", "collection": "defi", "title": "Leverage, margin and notional: the exposure behind a deposit", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/leverage-margin-notional/", "description": "Separate position exposure from the collateral supporting it and calculate how price changes affect equity.", "aliases": [ "leverage notional margin example", "notional divided by margin explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "cross-vs-isolated-margin", "collection": "defi", "title": "Cross and isolated margin: which collateral supports a position?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/cross-vs-isolated-margin/", "description": "Understand which collateral supports which positions and why an isolation boundary must be read from the protocol rules.", "aliases": [ "cross margin vs isolated margin crypto", "shared collateral versus isolated position" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "initial-vs-maintenance-margin", "collection": "defi", "title": "Initial and maintenance margin: opening a position versus keeping it", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/initial-vs-maintenance-margin/", "description": "Explain why opening a position and keeping it open use different tests, and why liquidation can occur while equity remains positive.", "aliases": [ "initial maintenance margin difference", "why liquidation happens before balance reaches zero" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "realized-unrealized-trading-pnl", "collection": "defi", "title": "Realized and unrealized trading P&L: what changed in the account?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/realized-unrealized-trading-pnl/", "description": "Reconcile marked exposure, completed trades, funding and settlement without double-counting the same gain.", "aliases": [ "realized unrealized PnL perpetual futures", "does funding count as realized profit" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "open-interest-vs-volume", "collection": "defi", "title": "Open interest versus volume: outstanding contracts and completed trades", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/open-interest-vs-volume/", "description": "Distinguish outstanding derivative contracts from trading turnover and avoid reading either measure as a directional prediction.", "aliases": [ "open interest vs trading volume", "outstanding futures contracts versus turnover" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "insurance-funds-auto-deleveraging", "collection": "defi", "title": "Perpetual insurance funds and auto-deleveraging: allocating a shortfall", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/insurance-funds-auto-deleveraging/", "description": "Understand a derivatives backstop, its limits and why profitable positions can be reduced during a market shortfall.", "aliases": [ "ADL insurance fund crypto meaning", "what happens when an insurance fund runs out" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "crypto-call-put-options", "collection": "defi", "title": "Crypto calls and puts: a right, a premium and a payoff", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/crypto-call-put-options/", "description": "Understand calls, puts, strike prices and expiry, with a clear distinction between buying an option and writing one.", "aliases": [ "crypto call put option explained", "call and put option payoff examples" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "option-premium-intrinsic-time-value", "collection": "defi", "title": "Option premiums: intrinsic value, time value and the break-even price", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/option-premium-intrinsic-time-value/", "description": "Break an option price into current exercise value and extra premium, then distinguish that price from the buyer’s eventual profit.", "aliases": [ "option premium intrinsic time value crypto", "intrinsic value versus time value" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "implied-volatility-options", "collection": "defi", "title": "Implied volatility: what an option price says, and what it does not", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/implied-volatility-options/", "description": "Read implied volatility as a model-based interpretation of price, not a prediction of direction or a guaranteed future move.", "aliases": [ "crypto options implied volatility meaning", "implied volatility versus historical volatility" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "options-settlement-currency", "collection": "defi", "title": "Option settlement currency: why a dollar payoff can become a token amount", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/options-settlement-currency/", "description": "Identify what an option pays, in which asset, and why a dollar strike does not imply a dollar cash balance at expiry.", "aliases": [ "crypto inverse linear options settlement", "why a dollar strike option pays BTC" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "spot-perpetual-basis-risk", "collection": "defi", "title": "Spot-perpetual basis risk: why a hedged position can still lose", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/spot-perpetual-basis-risk/", "description": "Understand why equal long-spot and short-perpetual quantities can still lose money or be liquidated.", "aliases": [ "spot perpetual hedge basis risk", "can a spot perpetual hedge lose money" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "withdraw-lending-supply", "collection": "defi", "title": "Withdrawing lending supply: liquidity, collateral and transaction limits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/withdraw-lending-supply/", "description": "Diagnose why a lending balance can exceed the amount immediately available to withdraw.", "aliases": [ "why cannot withdraw supplied tokens Aave", "why cannot I withdraw my lending balance" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "toggle-lending-collateral", "collection": "defi", "title": "Turning collateral on or off: supply balance is not borrowing power", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/toggle-lending-collateral/", "description": "Separate supplying an asset from enabling it as borrowing collateral, and understand why disabling it can be blocked.", "aliases": [ "disable collateral Aave meaning", "disable Aave collateral with active debt" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "repay-defi-loan", "collection": "defi", "title": "Repaying a DeFi loan: debt asset, accrued interest and the final balance", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/repay-defi-loan/", "description": "Follow a normal lending repayment, including token permissions, interest accrual and checking that the debt actually reaches zero.", "aliases": [ "how repay Aave loan full amount", "how to fully repay an Aave debt" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "repay-with-collateral", "collection": "defi", "title": "Repaying with collateral: the swap inside the repayment", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/repay-with-collateral/", "description": "Understand how a lending adapter sells supplied collateral to reduce debt, and why both sides of the position must be measured.", "aliases": [ "repay Aave with collateral explained", "sell supplied collateral to repay a loan" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "collateral-swaps", "collection": "defi", "title": "Collateral swaps: replacing backing while keeping a loan open", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/collateral-swaps/", "description": "Explain replacing the asset backing a loan and why equal market value can still produce a different borrowing risk.", "aliases": [ "Aave collateral swap how works", "change collateral without closing borrowing" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "defi-debt-refinancing", "collection": "defi", "title": "DeFi debt refinancing: changing a debt asset or lending market", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/defi-debt-refinancing/", "description": "Understand changing a loan’s debt asset, including swap costs and the new price exposure created by refinancing.", "aliases": [ "DeFi debt swap refinance loan", "cost of switching a DeFi debt asset" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "aave-efficiency-mode", "collection": "defi", "title": "Aave efficiency mode: correlated assets and a narrower risk assumption", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/aave-efficiency-mode/", "description": "Understand Aave’s category-specific collateral settings and why higher borrowing capacity still depends on asset relationships.", "aliases": [ "Aave eMode explained", "Aave category borrowing permissions" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "collateral-looping", "collection": "defi", "title": "Collateral looping: gross exposure hidden inside repeated deposits", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/collateral-looping/", "description": "See how repeated borrowing and re-supplying grows gross exposure without creating an equal amount of new net equity.", "aliases": [ "recursive borrowing collateral looping", "recursive borrowing balance sheet" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lending-liquidity-vs-solvency", "collection": "defi", "title": "Lending liquidity versus solvency: can assets be withdrawn or recovered?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lending-liquidity-vs-solvency/", "description": "Distinguish unavailable cash from an asset shortfall when a lending withdrawal fails.", "aliases": [ "DeFi liquidity versus solvency", "unavailable withdrawal versus bad debt" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bad-debt-socialization", "collection": "defi", "title": "Bad debt socialization: how a lending loss reaches suppliers", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bad-debt-socialization/", "description": "Understand how unrecoverable lending losses can reduce depositor claims, including the timing of recognition.", "aliases": [ "DeFi bad debt lenders loss", "how lending losses reduce vault shares" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "fixed-variable-defi-borrowing", "collection": "defi", "title": "Fixed and variable DeFi borrowing: which risk does a fixed rate remove?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/fixed-variable-defi-borrowing/", "description": "Compare rates that change over time with fixed-term obligations, without treating fixed interest as fixed total risk.", "aliases": [ "fixed rate vs variable rate DeFi loans", "fixed maturity debt versus changing borrowing rates" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "principal-yield-tokens", "collection": "defi", "title": "Principal and yield tokens: separating a yield-bearing claim", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/principal-yield-tokens/", "description": "Understand separating a principal claim from future yield and why the accounting asset and maturity matter.", "aliases": [ "Pendle PT YT explained", "Pendle PT accounting asset and maturity" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "vault-curators-allocators", "collection": "defi", "title": "Vault curators and allocators: who chooses the lending exposure?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/vault-curators-allocators/", "description": "Identify who selects a vault’s risks, who moves its funds and who can stop pending changes.", "aliases": [ "Morpho vault curator allocator roles", "Morpho curator versus allocator permissions" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "vault-management-performance-fees", "collection": "defi", "title": "Vault management and performance fees: how shares can pay the manager", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/vault-management-performance-fees/", "description": "Distinguish a fee on managed assets from a fee on earned interest, including how minting shares affects depositors.", "aliases": [ "vault performance management fee example", "how vault fee shares dilute ownership" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "lending-collateral-interest", "collection": "defi", "title": "Does supplied collateral earn interest? Read the market accounting", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lending-collateral-interest/", "description": "Find out whether collateral earns lending interest, retains its own token yield, or does neither in a particular market.", "aliases": [ "does DeFi collateral earn interest", "does supplied collateral earn lending interest" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "protocol-backstop-staking", "collection": "defi", "title": "Protocol backstop staking: rewards paid for absorbing a defined loss", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/protocol-backstop-staking/", "description": "Understand rewards for absorbing protocol losses and how backstop staking differs from ordinary lending or validator staking.", "aliases": [ "Aave Umbrella backstop staking risk", "Aave Umbrella slashing and cooldown" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "protocol-pause-vs-freeze", "collection": "defi", "title": "Protocol pauses and reserve freezes: which actions still work?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/protocol-pause-vs-freeze/", "description": "Interpret a paused or frozen lending reserve by looking at the actions the control actually disables.", "aliases": [ "Aave paused frozen reserve difference", "Aave frozen reserve versus paused reserve" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "bug-bounties-vs-audits", "collection": "defi", "title": "Bug bounties and audits: different security evidence and incentives", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bug-bounties-vs-audits/", "description": "Read a security audit and a bounty program as different forms of evidence, each with a scope and limitations.", "aliases": [ "bug bounty vs smart contract audit", "does a bug bounty mean a protocol is safe" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "governance-quorum-thresholds", "collection": "defi", "title": "Governance quorum and proposal thresholds: two different gates", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/governance-quorum-thresholds/", "description": "Distinguish the votes needed to create a proposal, the participation needed for quorum and the support needed to pass it.", "aliases": [ "DAO quorum proposal threshold difference", "proposal threshold versus quorum" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "offchain-votes-onchain-execution", "collection": "defi", "title": "Off-chain votes and on-chain execution: following the authority chain", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/offchain-votes-onchain-execution/", "description": "Follow a community vote from signed messages to the separate authority that can change contracts or move treasury funds.", "aliases": [ "Snapshot vote does it execute transaction", "does a Snapshot vote move treasury funds" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "dao-treasury-runway", "collection": "defi", "title": "DAO treasury runway: separating a token valuation from spendable funds", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/dao-treasury-runway/", "description": "Estimate how long a DAO can fund spending while making cash availability, revenue assumptions and internal transfers explicit.", "aliases": [ "DAO treasury runway own token liquidity", "calculate DAO cash runway" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "borrowed-governance-power", "collection": "defi", "title": "Borrowed governance power: what snapshots can and cannot prevent", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/borrowed-governance-power/", "description": "Understand temporary voting power and why snapshots, delays and execution controls address different governance risks.", "aliases": [ "flash loan governance voting attack", "can borrowed tokens influence governance" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "liquidity-locks-burned-lp", "collection": "defi", "title": "Liquidity locks and burned LP tokens: what the claim actually proves", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/liquidity-locks-burned-lp/", "description": "Understand what locking or making LP receipts inaccessible can restrict, and what it leaves outside that protection.", "aliases": [ "locked liquidity burned LP token meaning", "what a liquidity lock does not protect" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "defi-cover-claims", "collection": "defi", "title": "DeFi cover: covered events, exclusions and the claims process", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/defi-cover-claims/", "description": "Read a DeFi cover product’s event, amount, period and claim rules before treating it as protection for a loss.", "aliases": [ "DeFi cover insurance exclusions claim", "does DeFi cover pay for every exploit" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "rug-pulls-vs-exploits", "collection": "defi", "title": "Rug pulls and protocol exploits: different mechanisms behind a loss", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/rug-pulls-vs-exploits/", "description": "Distinguish insider deception, misuse of contract permissions and software vulnerabilities when reading about a DeFi loss.", "aliases": [ "rug pull versus smart contract exploit", "rug pull fraud versus contract vulnerability" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-10-02", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T19:18:00.092Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "what-is-bitcoin", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "What is Bitcoin? Money that runs on a public network instead of a bank", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-bitcoin/", "description": "Bitcoin is digital money that moves over a public network with no bank in the middle. What it is, where it came from and how it works, with sources.", "aliases": [ "what is bitcoin", "bitcoin explained", "how does bitcoin work", "bitcoin for beginners", "Satoshi Nakamoto white paper", "peer-to-peer electronic cash" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "what-is-a-blockchain", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "What is a blockchain, and what does Bitcoin’s actually record?", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-a-blockchain/", "description": "A blockchain is a record built in batches, each sealed to the last. How Bitcoin’s works, what it stores, and why the word means less than it sounds.", "aliases": [ "what is a blockchain", "blockchain explained", "how does blockchain work", "bitcoin blockchain", "blockchain vs bitcoin", "distributed ledger" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "how-bitcoin-mining-works", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "How Bitcoin mining works: the job, the reward and the race", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/how-bitcoin-mining-works/", "description": "Bitcoin mining is how new blocks get added and new coins get made. What miners actually do, how they are paid, and why it takes so much hardware.", "aliases": [ "how bitcoin mining works", "what is bitcoin mining", "bitcoin miners", "block reward", "mining explained", "how are bitcoins created" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "proof-of-work-explained", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Proof of work, explained without the math: why Bitcoin runs on a lottery", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/proof-of-work-explained/", "description": "Bitcoin proof of work is a hash-target test, not a useful puzzle with a hidden solution. Separate mining effort, block validity and chain selection.", "aliases": [ "proof of work explained", "what is proof of work", "how does proof of work work", "hashcash", "bitcoin proof of work", "PoW" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "what-is-a-satoshi", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "What is a satoshi? Bitcoin’s smallest unit, and why it has a name", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-a-satoshi/", "description": "One bitcoin equals 100 million satoshis. Convert BTC to sats, distinguish the unit from its market price, and follow the original naming record.", "aliases": [ "what is a satoshi", "satoshi to bitcoin", "how many satoshis in a bitcoin", "sats", "smallest unit of bitcoin", "bitcoin units" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-wallets-explained", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin wallets explained: hot, cold, hardware, custodial, and what they actually store", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-wallets-explained/", "description": "A Bitcoin wallet holds keys, not coins. What hot, cold, hardware and custodial wallets are, how they differ, and where the risk sits in each one.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin wallet", "hot wallet vs cold wallet", "hardware wallet", "custodial wallet", "non-custodial wallet", "what does a bitcoin wallet store", "bitcoin wallet backup" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "private-keys-and-seed-phrases", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Private keys, public keys and seed phrases: what actually controls your bitcoin", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/private-keys-and-seed-phrases/", "description": "A private key is a secret number that can spend bitcoin; a seed phrase is 12 or 24 words that regenerate every key. How both work, and why losing them is final.", "aliases": [ "private key", "public key", "seed phrase", "recovery phrase", "BIP39", "not your keys not your coins", "what is a private key bitcoin" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-address-types", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin address types: why some start with 1, some with 3, and some with bc1", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-address-types/", "description": "Bitcoin addresses come in four common formats: legacy, P2SH, native SegWit and Taproot. What each prefix means, where it came from, and which BIP defines it.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin address types", "legacy address", "segwit address", "bech32", "taproot address bc1p", "P2SH address starts with 3", "what does bc1q mean" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "what-is-a-utxo", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "What is a UTXO? How Bitcoin keeps track of coins without any accounts", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/what-is-a-utxo/", "description": "A UTXO is an unspent transaction output: a lump of bitcoin a transaction created and nobody has spent yet. How the model works and why change outputs exist.", "aliases": [ "UTXO", "unspent transaction output", "bitcoin utxo explained", "change output bitcoin", "how bitcoin transactions work", "utxo set" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-confirmations", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin confirmations: what they mean, why six became the convention, and why none is final", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-confirmations/", "description": "A confirmation is a block built on top of the one holding your transaction. 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What that involves, what pruning keeps, why people bother, and how many exist.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin node", "bitcoin full node", "run a bitcoin node", "pruned node", "how many bitcoin nodes are there", "bitcoin node requirements" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-difficulty-adjustment", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "The difficulty adjustment: Bitcoin’s two-week thermostat, explained", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-difficulty-adjustment/", "description": "Every 2,016 blocks Bitcoin re-tunes how hard mining is so blocks keep coming every ten minutes. How the retarget works, the 4x clamp, and the record 2021 drop.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin difficulty adjustment", "bitcoin difficulty", "difficulty retarget", "2016 blocks", "how does bitcoin difficulty work", "mining difficulty drop" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-hash-rate", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin hash rate: what it measures, why it is only an estimate, and why it matters", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-hash-rate/", "description": "Hash rate is the number of mining guesses per second across the Bitcoin network. Nobody measures it directly; it is inferred from difficulty and block times.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin hash rate", "hashrate", "EH/s", "what is hash rate", "bitcoin network hashrate estimate", "hash rate and security" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "anatomy-of-a-bitcoin-block", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Anatomy of a Bitcoin block: the header, the coinbase and the weight limit, using block 0", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/anatomy-of-a-bitcoin-block/", "description": "Inside a Bitcoin block: the six header fields, the coinbase transaction that mints new coins, and how size and weight are counted, with block 0 as the example.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin block", "block header", "coinbase transaction", "merkle root", "nonce", "block weight", "what is in a bitcoin block" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "double-spending", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Double spending: the problem Bitcoin was built to solve, and how it solves it", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/double-spending/", "description": "A Bitcoin double spend is a conflict over the same transaction output. Follow a simple example and separate confirmation depth from absolute finality.", "aliases": [ "double spending", "double spend bitcoin", "double spend problem", "race attack", "Finney attack", "bitcoin confirmations double spend" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "51-percent-attack", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "What a 51% attack can and cannot do to Bitcoin", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/51-percent-attack/", "description": "A 51% attack is what a miner with most of the hash power could do: reverse recent payments and block others. It cannot steal or mint coins. Here is the record.", "aliases": [ "51% attack", "51 percent attack bitcoin", "majority attack", "GHash.io 51%", "Bitcoin Gold 51% attack", "Ethereum Classic 51% attack", "can bitcoin be hacked" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "soft-forks-and-hard-forks", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Soft forks and hard forks: how Bitcoin changes its rules without a boss", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/soft-forks-and-hard-forks/", "description": "Compare soft forks and hard forks by which blocks old and new rules accept. Learn why a protocol change does not always produce a lasting chain split.", "aliases": [ "soft fork", "hard fork", "soft fork vs hard fork", "bitcoin fork", "what is a hard fork", "backwards compatible soft fork", "bitcoin cash fork" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-improvement-proposals", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin Improvement Proposals: how ideas become Bitcoin, and why a BIP is not a law", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-improvement-proposals/", "description": "A BIP number identifies a proposal, not approval. Learn how to read a Bitcoin Improvement Proposal’s status, motivation and deployment requirements.", "aliases": [ "Bitcoin Improvement Proposal", "what is a BIP", "BIP bitcoin", "BIP 39", "BIP process", "who decides bitcoin changes", "bitcoin governance" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-mining-pools", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "How Bitcoin mining pools work: shares, payouts and the pool that started it in 2010", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-mining-pools/", "description": "Mining pools combine hash power and split block rewards for a steadier income. How shares and payouts work, the first pool in 2010, and Stratum.", "aliases": [ "mining pool", "bitcoin mining pool", "how mining pools work", "mining pool shares", "pay per share", "Slush pool", "Stratum protocol", "mining pool concentration" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "segwit-explained", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "SegWit explained: what Segregated Witness changed in Bitcoin, and how it activated in 2017", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/segwit-explained/", "description": "SegWit changed transaction identifiers and introduced block weight. Learn what it fixes, how virtual size works and why savings depend on the transaction.", "aliases": [ "SegWit explained", "Segregated Witness", "what is SegWit", "SegWit activation 2017", "transaction malleability", "block weight", "bc1 address" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "taproot-explained", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Taproot explained: Schnorr signatures, hidden scripts and Bitcoin’s 2021 upgrade", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/taproot-explained/", "description": "Taproot combines Schnorr signatures with key-path and script-path spending. Compare what each path reveals and the limits of its privacy benefits.", "aliases": [ "Taproot explained", "what is Taproot", "Schnorr signatures", "Taproot activation", "bc1p address", "MAST", "Speedy Trial" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "lightning-network-explained", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "The Lightning Network explained: payment channels, routing, and what it is good and bad at", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lightning-network-explained/", "description": "The Lightning Network moves bitcoin through payment channels instead of the blockchain. How channels and routing work, why it is a second layer, and its limits.", "aliases": [ "Lightning Network explained", "what is the Lightning Network", "Bitcoin payment channels", "Lightning Network how it works", "Bitcoin layer 2", "HTLC", "Poon Dryja paper" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-cash-fork-2017", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin Cash: why Bitcoin split on 1 August 2017, and what happened to both sides after", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-cash-fork-2017/", "description": "Bitcoin Cash’s 2017 split: shared earlier history, incompatible block rules and replay protection. Distinguish the historical fork from current network settings.", "aliases": [ "Bitcoin Cash fork", "Bitcoin Cash 2017", "why did Bitcoin split", "Bitcoin vs Bitcoin Cash", "Bitcoin Cash hard fork", "Bitcoin SV split", "UAHF" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-halving-explained", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "The Bitcoin halving explained: what it is, when it happens, and what it does not do", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-halving-explained/", "description": "Every 210,000 blocks Bitcoin halves the reward for mining a block. Why the rule exists, the halvings of 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024, and what it does not change.", "aliases": [ "Bitcoin halving explained", "what is the Bitcoin halving", "Bitcoin halving dates", "next Bitcoin halving", "block reward", "Bitcoin halving 2024", "210000 blocks" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "who-is-satoshi-nakamoto", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Who is Satoshi Nakamoto? What the record actually shows, and what it does not", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto/", "description": "What Bitcoin’s paper, software and correspondence establish about Satoshi Nakamoto—and where evidence ends and identity speculation begins.", "aliases": [ "who is Satoshi Nakamoto", "Satoshi Nakamoto identity", "Bitcoin creator", "Dorian Nakamoto", "Craig Wright Satoshi", "Nick Szabo Satoshi", "Hal Finney Satoshi" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "satoshi-nakamoto-disappearance", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Satoshi Nakamoto’s disappearance: the last posts, the last emails and the handover", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/satoshi-nakamoto-disappearance/", "description": "Satoshi Nakamoto’s last forum post was on 12 December 2010. Private emails in April 2011 said he had moved on. Here is the record of how Bitcoin’s creator left.", "aliases": [ "Satoshi Nakamoto disappearance", "Satoshi last message", "Satoshi last email", "moved on to other things", "Satoshi alert key", "Gavin Andresen Satoshi", "why did Satoshi leave" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "hal-finney", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Hal Finney: early Bitcoin, RPOW and the first test payment", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/hal-finney/", "description": "Hal Finney’s role in early Bitcoin, his own account of the first test payment, and what block 170 can establish independently of the biography.", "aliases": [ "Hal Finney", "Running bitcoin tweet", "first bitcoin transaction", "block 170", "RPOW", "Hal Finney ALS", "Hal Finney Alcor" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "craig-wright-copa-ruling", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Craig Wright and the COPA ruling: what the High Court found, in its own words", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/craig-wright-copa-ruling/", "description": "In 2024 the High Court in London found that Craig Wright is not Satoshi Nakamoto and did not write the white paper. What the judge found, and what came after.", "aliases": [ "Craig Wright Satoshi", "COPA v Wright", "Craig Wright ruling", "Craig Wright not Satoshi", "Crypto Open Patent Alliance", "Craig Wright contempt", "Justice Mellor Bitcoin" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-09-23", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "gavin-andresen-and-the-bitcoin-faucet", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Gavin Andresen and the Bitcoin faucet: free coins, and the developer Satoshi handed Bitcoin to", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/gavin-andresen-and-the-bitcoin-faucet/", "description": "In June 2010 Gavin Andresen built a website that gave five bitcoin to anyone who asked. Satoshi liked it. Six months later, Satoshi handed him the project.", "aliases": [ "Gavin Andresen", "Bitcoin faucet", "free bitcoin 2010", "Satoshi successor", "Bitcoin Foundation chief scientist", "BIP 101", "Gavin Andresen Craig Wright" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "cypherpunks-before-bitcoin", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "The cypherpunks: the mailing list and the ideas that came before Bitcoin", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/cypherpunks-before-bitcoin/", "description": "Compare the privacy and digital-cash ideas behind Bitcoin: blind signatures, Hashcash, b-money and bit gold, with links to the original proposals.", "aliases": [ "cypherpunks", "cypherpunk manifesto", "crypto anarchist manifesto", "b-money", "bit gold", "hashcash", "David Chaum blind signatures", "cypherpunks mailing list" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-explained", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "The Bitcoin white paper, explained: a plain-English walk through all nine pages", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-whitepaper-explained/", "description": "Read Bitcoin’s white paper by problem: double spending, proof of work, incentives and privacy. Separate the 2008 design from later protocol rules.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin white paper explained", "bitcoin whitepaper summary", "Satoshi Nakamoto paper", "peer-to-peer electronic cash system", "bitcoin.pdf", "what does the bitcoin whitepaper say" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "genesis-block-explained", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "The genesis block explained: the Times headline, the frozen 50 BTC and block 0", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/genesis-block-explained/", "description": "Bitcoin’s genesis block, its embedded headline and the original unspendable 50 BTC output. Learn why later payments to the address are different.", "aliases": [ "genesis block", "bitcoin block 0", "genesis block explained", "Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks", "genesis block 50 BTC unspendable", "first bitcoin block", "bitcoin genesis block address" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-pizza-day", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin Pizza Day: the 10,000 BTC pizza order that proved Bitcoin could buy things", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-pizza-day/", "description": "Why Bitcoin Pizza Day is 22 May: the original offer, the reported 10,000 BTC trade and the different evidence supplied by the forum and blockchain.", "aliases": [ "Bitcoin Pizza Day", "Laszlo Hanyecz", "10,000 bitcoin pizza", "first bitcoin purchase", "May 22 2010", "jercos" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "hodl-meaning", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "What HODL means: the 2013 typo that became Bitcoin’s favorite word", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/hodl-meaning/", "description": "HODL began as a misspelling in a December 2013 Bitcoin forum post. Read its origin and meaning without treating the slogan as an investment rule.", "aliases": [ "hodl meaning", "what does hodl mean", "I am hodling", "hodl origin", "hodl vs hold", "hold on for dear life", "GameKyuubi" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "wikileaks-and-bitcoin", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "WikiLeaks and Bitcoin: the 2010 blockade, Satoshi’s plea, and the donations that followed", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/wikileaks-and-bitcoin/", "description": "How the 2010 payment blockade pushed WikiLeaks toward bitcoin, why Satoshi asked it to wait, and what happened when donations began in 2011.", "aliases": [ "WikiLeaks bitcoin", "kicked the hornet’s nest", "WikiLeaks payment blockade", "WikiLeaks bitcoin donations 2011", "Satoshi Nakamoto WikiLeaks", "Satoshi hornet’s nest" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-10-02" } }, { "id": "silk-road-and-ross-ulbricht", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Silk Road and Ross Ulbricht: the marketplace, the life sentence, and the 2025 pardon", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/silk-road-and-ross-ulbricht/", "description": "Silk Road ran from 2011 to 2013 and took only bitcoin. What the courts found about Ross Ulbricht, why he got life, and what the January 2025 pardon changed.", "aliases": [ "Silk Road bitcoin", "Ross Ulbricht", "Dread Pirate Roberts", "Silk Road FBI seizure 2013", "Ross Ulbricht pardon", "Silk Road life sentence", "Individual X bitcoin" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitfinex-hack-2016", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "The 2016 Bitfinex hack: 120,000 stolen bitcoin, a haircut for customers, and a record seizure", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitfinex-hack-2016/", "description": "In August 2016 a hacker took about 120,000 bitcoin from Bitfinex. How customers were repaid, why the coins sat still, and how the US recovered most of them.", "aliases": [ "Bitfinex hack 2016", "Bitfinex 120000 bitcoin", "Ilya Lichtenstein Heather Morgan", "BFX token", "Bitfinex hack seizure 2022", "Razzlekhan", "Bitfinex stolen bitcoin recovered" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "ftx-collapse", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "The collapse of FTX: the run, the bankruptcy, and the 25-year sentence", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/ftx-collapse/", "description": "FTX, a crypto exchange, collapsed in November 2022 when customer money turned out to be missing. What happened, what courts found, and why Bitcoin kept running.", "aliases": [ "FTX collapse", "what happened to FTX", "Sam Bankman-Fried", "FTX bankruptcy", "Alameda Research", "FTX customer funds", "SBF sentence" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "china-bitcoin-mining-ban-2021", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "China’s 2021 Bitcoin mining ban: what happened, and where the miners went", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/china-bitcoin-mining-ban-2021/", "description": "In 2021 China ordered bitcoin mining shut down and declared crypto business illegal. What the notices said, how far hash rate fell, and where the miners moved.", "aliases": [ "China bitcoin mining ban", "China crypto ban 2021", "bitcoin hash rate China", "PBOC crypto notice September 2021", "where did bitcoin miners go", "Cambridge bitcoin mining map" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-ordinals-and-inscriptions", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Ordinals and inscriptions: how images and text ended up inside Bitcoin blocks", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-ordinals-and-inscriptions/", "description": "Ordinal theory numbers individual satoshis; inscriptions attach files to them using Taproot witness data. How it works, the 2023 launch and the spam debate.", "aliases": [ "Bitcoin Ordinals", "Ordinals inscriptions explained", "what is an inscription bitcoin", "BRC-20 tokens fees", "Ordinals spam debate", "Casey Rodarmor ord" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-ponzi-schemes-and-scams", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin Ponzi schemes and scams: a short history, and how to spot the next one", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-ponzi-schemes-and-scams/", "description": "From Bitcoin Savings and Trust in 2011 to PlusToken, BitConnect and OneCoin: what the court and regulator records say, and the shapes these frauds keep taking.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin Ponzi scheme", "bitcoin scams history", "Bitcoin Savings and Trust", "PlusToken scam", "BitConnect", "OneCoin", "crypto giveaway scam", "how to spot a crypto scam" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "how-many-bitcoins-are-there", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "How many bitcoins are there? The 21 million cap, explained", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/how-many-bitcoins-are-there/", "description": "Bitcoin’s code caps supply just under 21 million. How many have been issued, how many are stuck or lost, when the last arrives, and what each number means.", "aliases": [ "how many bitcoins are there", "21 million bitcoin cap", "bitcoin max supply", "bitcoin circulating supply", "last bitcoin mined 2140", "bitcoin block subsidy" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": "2025-12-31" } }, { "id": "lost-bitcoins", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "How many bitcoins are lost forever? What the estimates can and cannot tell you", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/lost-bitcoins/", "description": "Millions of bitcoin may be unrecoverable, but nobody can count them: the estimates, the famous lost fortunes, coins that can never move, and Satoshi’s stash.", "aliases": [ "lost bitcoins", "how many bitcoins are lost", "James Howells hard drive", "Stefan Thomas IronKey", "bitcoin burn address", "Satoshi bitcoins lost" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-energy-consumption", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "How much energy does Bitcoin use? How it is measured, and what actually drives it", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-energy-consumption/", "description": "Bitcoin’s electricity use is estimated from hash rate and hardware efficiency, not counted. What the Cambridge index, the White House and the EIA found.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin energy consumption", "how much electricity does bitcoin use", "Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index", "bitcoin energy per transaction", "bitcoin mining renewable energy", "EIA bitcoin mining electricity" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "dormant-bitcoin-whales", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Dormant bitcoin whales: what it means when old coins wake up after a decade", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/dormant-bitcoin-whales/", "description": "Old coins that suddenly move make headlines. What “dormant” means on the ledger, the July 2025 case of eight 2011 wallets, and why a move is not a sale.", "aliases": [ "dormant bitcoin whale", "dormant bitcoin addresses", "old bitcoin wallet moves", "2011 bitcoin whale 80000 BTC", "bitcoin days destroyed", "satoshi era wallet" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": "2026-08-06" } }, { "id": "patoshi-pattern", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "The Patoshi pattern: the fingerprint of Bitcoin’s dominant early miner", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/patoshi-pattern/", "description": "The Patoshi pattern groups early Bitcoin blocks using mining-pattern analysis. Understand Lerner’s estimates, their dates and the limits of attribution.", "aliases": [ "Patoshi pattern", "Satoshi Nakamoto bitcoins", "Sergio Demian Lerner", "extranonce pattern", "how many bitcoins does Satoshi have", "early bitcoin mining" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z", "dataAsOf": "2019-04-16" } }, { "id": "is-bitcoin-anonymous", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Is Bitcoin anonymous? No, it is pseudonymous, and the difference matters", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/is-bitcoin-anonymous/", "description": "Every Bitcoin transaction is public forever. Addresses are pseudonyms, not names, and pseudonyms can be linked. How tracing works and what people do about it.", "aliases": [ "is bitcoin anonymous", "bitcoin pseudonymous", "bitcoin privacy", "can bitcoin be traced", "blockchain analysis clustering", "CoinJoin", "Silk Road bitcoin traced" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "how-to-read-a-block-explorer", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "How to read a block explorer: transactions, fees, confirmations and addresses", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/how-to-read-a-block-explorer/", "description": "A block explorer lets anyone read the Bitcoin ledger: how to look up a transaction, read inputs, outputs, fees and confirmations, and not over-read an address.", "aliases": [ "how to read a block explorer", "bitcoin block explorer explained", "bitcoin transaction inputs and outputs", "what does unconfirmed mean bitcoin", "mempool.space how to use", "bitcoin confirmations explained" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T18:26:58.075Z", "dataAsOf": null } }, { "id": "bitcoin-price-history", "collection": "bitcoin", "title": "Bitcoin price history, year by year: 2010 to 2025 from one sourced dataset", "url": "https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/bitcoin-price-history/", "description": "Year-end bitcoin prices from 2010 to 2025 from one sourced dataset, the eras behind them (Mt. Gox, 2013, 2017, 2021, ETFs), and why the past predicts nothing.", "aliases": [ "bitcoin price history", "bitcoin price by year", "bitcoin price 2010", "bitcoin price 2013", "bitcoin price 2017", "bitcoin price 2021", "bitcoin all time price chart" ], "dates": { "published": "2026-09-23", "modified": "2026-10-02", "verified": "2026-10-02T16:01:48.343Z", "dataAsOf": "2025-12-31" } } ] }