# The genesis block explained: the Times headline, the frozen 50 BTC and block 0

The genesis block is Bitcoin mainnet’s fixed starting block, at height 0, with a header timestamp of 3 January 2009. Its encoded contents include a Times headline about a bank bailout. The original 50 BTC output is not in the spendable-output database and cannot be spent under the current rules. Later payments to the associated address are ordinary outputs: their spendability depends on satisfying their locking conditions, including possession of the key.

Evidence: [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp); [main.cpp, early Bitcoin source (commit 8dca786)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/8dca7864f793072701f810e4c5ea12a6e1087085/main.cpp); [Block 0 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f)

Canonical: https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/genesis-block-explained/
Published: 2026-09-23
Substantively modified: 2026-10-02
Independently verified by an automated reviewer: 2026-10-02T18:22:07.965Z

AI-assisted research and drafting with a separate automated source-verification pass; no external expert or named human review is implied.

## Key facts

- **Timestamp:** 3 January 2009, 18:15:05 UTC (Unix time 1231006505) ([Block 0 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f); [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp))
- **Headline in the coinbase:** “The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks” ([src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp); [main.cpp, early Bitcoin source (commit 8dca786)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/8dca7864f793072701f810e4c5ea12a6e1087085/main.cpp))
- **Reward:** 50 BTC, never spendable ([src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp); [Genesis block](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block))
- **Size:** 285 bytes, containing one transaction ([Block 0 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f))
- **Previous block:** None; the explorer records the field as null ([Block 0 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f))
- **Next block:** Block 1, 9 January 2009, 02:54:25 UTC ([Block 1 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048))
- **Later donations:** Later outputs paid to the associated address are distinct from the original unspendable 50 BTC output ([src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp); [Genesis address statistics](https://blockstream.info/api/address/1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa))

## A fixed starting block, encoded in Bitcoin Core

Bitcoin Core constructs the mainnet genesis block from fixed values: timestamp 1231006505, nonce 2083236893, target bits 0x1d00ffff, version 1, and a 50 BTC coinbase output. It checks the resulting block hash against the expected mainnet genesis hash. An early preserved source version contains the same defining values.

This does not mean no proof-of-work search occurred. The block has a valid proof-of-work header; subsequent nodes use the predetermined result as the starting point. Its creator’s search process is not recorded in the chain. Changing its contents would create a different starting block, not the existing Bitcoin mainnet history.

Evidence: [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp); [main.cpp, early Bitcoin source (commit 8dca786)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/8dca7864f793072701f810e4c5ea12a6e1087085/main.cpp); [Block 0 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f)

## The newspaper headline records context, not a complete motive

The coinbase input contains the text “The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks.” The bytes are preserved in the source and block. They refer to the UK newspaper headline about a possible second bank rescue during the financial crisis.

The headline is evidence against creation before that news was available. It does not independently authenticate the exact wall-clock time in the header, the creator’s location, or a complete political intention. Interpreting it as criticism of banks is plausible, but should be distinguished from reading the recorded bytes.

Evidence: [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp); [main.cpp, early Bitcoin source (commit 8dca786)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/8dca7864f793072701f810e4c5ea12a6e1087085/main.cpp); [Block 0 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f)

## Block 0 has no parent

Ordinary blocks commit to the hash of their parent. The genesis header instead has a zero previous-block hash; explorer APIs may represent the absence of a parent as null. Block 1 points back to genesis.

The genesis header satisfies the initial target. A hash with more leading zeros than required does not establish whether extra searching was intentional: a successful trial can happen to be unusually small. The chain records the result, not how many attempts were made.

Evidence: [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp); [Block 0 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f); [Block 1 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048)

## Why the original 50 BTC cannot be spent

Bitcoin Core explains that the genesis generation output cannot be spent because it did not originally exist in the database. It was not inserted into the [UTXO set](/encyclopedia/what-is-a-utxo/), the record against which later spends are checked. Knowing the corresponding private key would not make that original output available.

The source demonstrates the behavior; it does not establish whether the omission was intentional. A different rule could be proposed, but current Bitcoin mainnet validation does not permit spending this output. The [genesis dossier](/wallet/genesis-block-coinbase-block-0/) explains the distinction from later donations.

Evidence: [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp); [main.cpp, early Bitcoin source (commit 8dca786)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/8dca7864f793072701f810e4c5ea12a6e1087085/main.cpp)

## The timestamps are 463,160 seconds apart

The explorer records timestamp 1231006505 for block 0 and 1231469665 for block 1. Subtraction gives 463,160 seconds: five days, eight hours, thirty-nine minutes and twenty seconds. In UTC the two headers read 3 January 2009 at 18:15:05 and 9 January 2009 at 02:54:25.

Those are header timestamps, not independently measured creation times. The interval does not tell us why the gap occurred or what private testing preceded release. Bitcoin’s later ten-minute target is an average, not a timetable for these two blocks.

Evidence: [Block 0 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f); [Block 1 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048)

## Later donations have different spending rules

People have sent additional payments to the address associated with the genesis public key. These are distinct outputs created by later transactions. Unlike the original 50 BTC output, they enter the normal UTXO system and can be spent if their locking conditions are satisfied.

An address balance or absence of spending cannot prove that a private key was destroyed, or that it still exists. This article therefore makes no claim that all later donations are permanently unspendable and does not restamp an old explorer balance as a current observation.

Evidence: [Genesis address statistics](https://blockstream.info/api/address/1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa); [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp)

## Check the output, not just an address total

An explorer’s address view and the genesis coinbase output answer different questions. The special rule concerns the original output in block 0. Later transactions can create distinct outputs using the associated address; those outputs must be assessed under their own spending conditions.

For a reproducible historical check, compare the encoded genesis block in the cited code with the block record, then inspect the two header timestamps when discussing the gap to block 1. A header timestamp is a recorded field. It should not be turned into a precise claim about how long a person spent mining or why they waited.

Evidence: [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp); [main.cpp, early Bitcoin source (commit 8dca786)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/8dca7864f793072701f810e4c5ea12a6e1087085/main.cpp); [Block 0 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f); [Block 1 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048)

## Questions

### Who mined the genesis block?

The genesis block was included in Satoshi Nakamoto’s released software. It has a valid proof-of-work result, but the blockchain does not record who performed the search or the process used. Satoshi is the public pseudonym associated with Bitcoin’s launch; a real-world identity is not established by the block.

Evidence: [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp); [main.cpp, early Bitcoin source (commit 8dca786)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/8dca7864f793072701f810e4c5ea12a6e1087085/main.cpp)

### Why can’t the genesis block’s 50 BTC be spent?

Because the original software never entered that output into its database of spendable coins, as a comment in Bitcoin Core’s source still explains. Every version since has kept the behavior. The Bitcoin Wiki says it is not known whether this was deliberate or accidental.

Evidence: [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp); [Genesis block](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block)

### What does “Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks” mean?

It is the Times headline embedded in the coinbase, referring to a possible second UK bank bailout. It supplies historical context and evidence against creation before the news was available. It does not prove the creator’s nationality, precise creation time, or motive.

Evidence: [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp)

### Can I send bitcoin to the genesis address?

A transaction can create a later output paying the associated address. That does not add to the special unspendable genesis output: the later payment follows ordinary spending rules. The chain cannot tell you whether anyone retains the relevant key.

Evidence: [Genesis address statistics](https://blockstream.info/api/address/1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa); [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp)

## Claims and scope

### genesis-block-explained-quick-answer

The genesis block is Bitcoin mainnet’s fixed starting block, at height 0, with a header timestamp of 3 January 2009. Its encoded contents include a Times headline about a bank bailout. The original 50 BTC output is not in the spendable-output database and cannot be spent under the current rules. Later payments to the associated address are ordinary outputs: their spendability depends on satisfying their locking conditions, including possession of the key.

Scope: {"collection":"bitcoin","dataAsOf":null,"blockHeight":null}

### genesis-block-explained-fact-timestamp

Timestamp: 3 January 2009, 18:15:05 UTC (Unix time 1231006505)

Scope: {"collection":"bitcoin","dataAsOf":null,"blockHeight":null}

### genesis-block-explained-fact-headline-in-the-coinbase

Headline in the coinbase: “The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks”

Scope: {"collection":"bitcoin","dataAsOf":null,"blockHeight":null}

### genesis-block-explained-fact-reward

Reward: 50 BTC, never spendable

Scope: {"collection":"bitcoin","dataAsOf":null,"blockHeight":null}

### genesis-block-explained-fact-size

Size: 285 bytes, containing one transaction

Scope: {"collection":"bitcoin","dataAsOf":null,"blockHeight":null}

### genesis-block-explained-fact-previous-block

Previous block: None; the explorer records the field as null

Scope: {"collection":"bitcoin","dataAsOf":null,"blockHeight":null}

### genesis-block-explained-fact-next-block

Next block: Block 1, 9 January 2009, 02:54:25 UTC

Scope: {"collection":"bitcoin","dataAsOf":null,"blockHeight":null}

### genesis-block-explained-fact-later-donations

Later donations: Later outputs paid to the associated address are distinct from the original unspendable 50 BTC output

Scope: {"collection":"bitcoin","dataAsOf":null,"blockHeight":null}

## Sources

- [src/kernel/chainparams.cpp](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/69142eacd1374925cc9e4ea736c21fcec16307d0/src/kernel/chainparams.cpp) — Bitcoin Core, github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin. Builds the mainnet genesis block from the Times headline string, time 1231006505, nonce 2083236893, bits 0x1d00ffff, version 1 and a 50-coin reward; asserts its hash; and notes the output cannot be spent because it did not originally exist in the database. Locator: Builds the mainnet genesis block from the Times headline string, time 1231006505, nonce 2083236893, bits 0x1d00ffff, version 1 and a 50-coin reward; asserts its hash; and notes the output cannot be spent because it did not originally exist in the database.. Retrieved: 2026-10-02T15:04:11.761623+00:00.
- [main.cpp, early Bitcoin source (commit 8dca786)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/8dca7864f793072701f810e4c5ea12a6e1087085/main.cpp) — Bitcoin repository, raw.githubusercontent.com. The early implementation’s “Genesis Block” section with the same pszTimestamp headline, 50 * COIN reward, nTime, nBits and nNonce values, and the hash assertion. Locator: The early implementation’s “Genesis Block” section with the same pszTimestamp headline, 50 * COIN reward, nTime, nBits and nNonce values, and the hash assertion.. Retrieved: 2026-10-02T14:49:23.610560+00:00.
- [Block 0 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f) — Blockstream explorer (API). Height 0, timestamp 1231006505, one transaction, 285 bytes, version 1, difficulty 1, nonce 2083236893, and a null previous-block hash. Locator: Height 0, timestamp 1231006505, one transaction, 285 bytes, version 1, difficulty 1, nonce 2083236893, and a null previous-block hash.. Retrieved: 2026-10-02T14:48:47.657357+00:00.
- [Block 1 record](https://blockstream.info/api/block/00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048) — Blockstream explorer (API). Height 1, timestamp 1231469665 (9 January 2009, 02:54:25 UTC), with block 0’s hash as its previous block. Locator: Height 1, timestamp 1231469665 (9 January 2009, 02:54:25 UTC), with block 0’s hash as its previous block.. Retrieved: 2026-10-02T14:49:23.326419+00:00.
- [Genesis block](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Genesis_block) — Bitcoin Wiki. Community reference on the headline as proof of date and commentary, the unspendable reward as a code quirk of unknown intent, the extra leading zeros in the hash, and the “full 6 days” gap to block 1. Locator: Community reference on the headline as proof of date and commentary, the unspendable reward as a code quirk of unknown intent, the extra leading zeros in the hash, and the “full 6 days” gap to block 1.. Retrieved: 2026-10-02T14:48:36.889384+00:00.
- [Genesis address statistics](https://blockstream.info/api/address/1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa) — Blockstream explorer (API). On 23 September 2026 showed 79,660 funded outputs across 66,563 transactions totaling 5,747,532,734 satoshis, with zero outputs spent. Locator: On 23 September 2026 showed 79,660 funded outputs across 66,563 transactions totaling 5,747,532,734 satoshis, with zero outputs spent.. Retrieved: 2026-10-02T14:49:23.478250+00:00.

## Revision history

- 2026-09-23: Initial Bitcoin encyclopedia entry at this permanent URL.
- 2026-10-02: Revised direct answer to preserve source scope and qualifications. Revised section: A fixed starting block, encoded in Bitcoin Core Revised section: The newspaper headline records context, not a complete motive Revised section: Block 0 has no parent Revised section: Why the original 50 BTC cannot be spent Revised section: The timestamps are 463,160 seconds apart Revised section: Later donations have different spending rules Corrected FAQ: Who mined the genesis block? Corrected FAQ: What does “Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks” mean? Corrected FAQ: Can I send bitcoin to the genesis address?
- 2026-10-02: Added reusable claims, explicit source locators, and matching Markdown and JSON. This publishing change does not itself establish factual verification.
- 2026-10-02: Added “Check the output, not just an address total”, clarified the search description. Independent verification is recorded separately.

## Cite this entry

Degrees of Satoshi editorial project. “The genesis block explained: the Times headline, the frozen 50 BTC and block 0.” Published 2026-09-23; updated 2026-10-02. https://degreesofsatoshi.com/encyclopedia/genesis-block-explained/