Bitcoin whitepaper embedded on-chain (2013)

11°

this address's ancestry traces 11 degrees to the earliest coins

In April 2013, transaction 54e48e5f5c656b26c3bca14a8c95aa583d07ebe84dde3b7dd4a78f4e4186e713 was mined into block 230,009 carrying the PDF of the Bitcoin whitepaper encoded across its outputs. The data sits in bare multisig output scripts, which have no address form; the transaction also sent one satoshi to the genesis coinbase address and returned change to an ordinary address. The sender paid a large fee by the standards of the day. Anyone running a full node can reconstruct the PDF directly from the transaction's output scripts, and several node dashboards ship a one-click extractor.

What is and is not established. Only two outputs of this transaction are addressable — the change output and a one-satoshi output to the genesis coinbase address (deliberately excluded here so it stays owned by the genesis anchor entry). The whitepaper bytes themselves live in bare multisig scripts with no address, so the entity's on-chain footprint is the funder and its change, not the data. The uploader has never been identified, and nothing links them to the whitepaper's author. Output counts differ between explorers (947 vs 948) depending on how bare multisig outputs are enumerated.

Address

1C3WStWpfCmsoG5WmDeaYSwAeEY1ncWQoh

Era

2013

Sources

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